| 词汇 | cross-subsidization |
| 释义 | cross-subsidization noun[ U ] FINANCE (UK alsocross-subsidisation)ukus a situation in which profits from one activity are used to pay for another activity that is losing money or making less money: He wants to end the cross-subsidization of the different products which are sold by different parts of the bank. cross-subsidizeverb[ T ](UK also cross-subsidise) Use money from smaller contracts to cross-subsidize the big one. cross-subsidynoun[ C or U ] There is a widespread belief that significant cross-subsidies exist in the water, gas and electricity utility industries. Examples of cross-subsidizationcross-subsidization This clearly reduces the strategic motives for cross-subsidization by eliminating traditional predation. This would also make deliberate cross-subsidization relevant to private multiservice firms with significant market power in some markets. In this case, cross-subsidization is merely a means for financing predatory pricing. Predatory and non-profit motivated cross-subsidization, although based on a benevolent motive, will of course still be damaging to competitors. Even so, there might still be welfare effects from cross-subsidization due to its efficiency as a funding mechanism. These organizations are able to get high-quality labour at low wages, not because their low wages select workers with self-sacrificing preferences, but because of cross-subsidization. Instead, the public firm would continue its low price policy and finance the loss by continued cross-subsidization. The observed relationship therefore provides evidence of cross-subsidization between different risk categories. In the private sector, cross-subsidization occurs within firms that allow some of their services to be sold at less than incremental cost. Based on the three types of cross-subsidy definitions, we developed a framework for classifying cases of cross-subsidization according to underlying motivation and effect on competition. However, implicit cross-subsidization cannot be financially sustainable in a competitive insurance market. Indeed, they result in a cross-subsidization of high-risk, high-income individuals by low-risk, low-income individuals. In other cases, the cause of inadvertent cross-subsidization might be more fundamental, as in multiservice firms with high sunk costs and low variable costs such as telecommunications. In conclusion, this most restrictive type of cross-subsidy definition limits the reasons for cross-subsidization to either be an information problem or a non-profit motive as discussed earlier. Most definitions of cross-subsidization are more restrictive, however, in that they implicitly or explicitly include revenues and require that losses on one service are funded through profits from another. See all examples of cross-subsidization These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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