Examples of strata

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Finally, event-based stratification orders rules so that lower strata do not produce events consumed by the upper strata.
In order to avoid aerial predators, susceptible birds may concentrate their time foraging lower in the vegetative strata.
Popular politics used to have its vertical and horizontal structures : sections, organizations, and strata.
There is then a much greater likelihood that all of these strata will have some part to play in all languages.
Note, however, that for the data at hand, one way to take the stratification into consideration would be to incorporate strata indicators as covariates.
Terms like 'metric dissonance' and 'dissonant strata' suggest that rhythmic conflicts must always be resolved, whether in performance or analysis.
Adding strata improves descriptive coverage, but what penalty, if any, does this move exact in restrictiveness, typology, learning and other goals of phonological theory ?
The controls were stratum matched for age and recruited in two age strata, 2-11 months and 12-35 months.
In the cases they examine, they do not find evidence that the strata required to treat opacity are independently motivated.
Moreover, the evolution of the living standards of the lower strata of the population is in sharp contrast with that of the upper classes.
Within each such region, it was then subdivided into rural-urban strata (>50 000 inhabitants).
Let fj be the union of the highest strata down to the jth one.
The 'crunch' issue for most strata, of course, is income security.
Therefore, the instability which we apparently observe might be an artifact of the over-representation of lower-strata couples with their higher rates of marital disruption.
In terms of occupied space, they may literally monopolise the upper sediment strata at lower tidal levels (personal observation).
The strata are ordered with respect to one another, but elements within a stratum are not ordered among themselves.
If extreme drying and cracking occurs, upper (usually darker) sediments drop into lower strata, resulting in a gross over turning of stratigraphy over time.
Multiple levels of strata both inform and inhibit the film composer.
A strong partitioning of the strata is obvious: c. 25% of the species are restricted to each of the three strata.
Similarly, are recipients disproportionately found in certain strata ?
Raw materials and (semi-)elaborated goods functioned as exchange goods not only among elites, but also among lower strata of the populations.
Moreover, finds from all archaeological strata have been included.
Non-teak includes sal, salai, westernghat evergreen, westernghat semi-evergreen and other miscellaneous strata.
Each point is the mean of measurements on leaves from the three canopy strata on four days.
Stratigraphers use this record to solve the inverse problem: the strata are used to infer a basin's history of sediment supply, tectonism, and base level.
The eurypterid-bearing strata are in the lower part of the quarry and are now covered by scree.
The only fossil group found in any abundance and diversity in these strata are plant remains, either macrofossils or palynomorphs.
Upwardthinning and -fining cycles were recognized, but the interbedded marine strata were not.
In the overlying strata, bed thickness increases to 10-35 mm.
Indeed, this signal may ' ' be influenced locally by other parameters such as sedimentary sorting and/or reworking of old taxa into younger strata.
The flanking beds are made up of well-bedded fine-grained calcarenite strata.
The changes in the dipping of overlying strata can be traced over distances of several kilometres.
Thus, these strata only reflect a decrease in depositional depth, not in sea-level.
The number of far mers interviewed in one of the three strata (region 3) was too small to be representative of the entire region.
The impact of son preference on fertility persists in all the social strata considered in the study.
The number of successfully interviewed eligible women was 8510, of whom 6269 belonged to the rural and 2241 to the urban strata.
An increase in the weight was welcomed by most of the patients because they were usually underweight and belonged to the lower socio-economic strata.
The majority belonged to the middle and upper strata of the merchant class.
Public debate over a succession of city plans seems arti®cially cut off at an upper strata of the commercial-civic elite.
They are found o in all strata and utilize most types of food resources.
Other studies have shown even stronger differences between strata.
Trees belong to two significant canopy strata, which were found at 30-40 m (upper canopy) and at 20-25 m (sub-canopy).
They typically foraged from the ground-level to the midstorey strata, and fed on invertebrate prey averaging from 3.3 to 17.2 mm in length.
Dominant, co-dominant, upper mid-canopy, lower mid-canopy and understorey strata (tree saplings only) are represented.
In turn, residents forage lower in the vegetative strata.
Migrant competitors generally preferred the upper, more favourable vegetative strata where 90% of all clearly successful manoeuvres were observed.
Arrowheads indicate the boundaries of the inner plexiform layer and dashes indicate the a0b sublaminar border, where strata 2 and 3 abut.
We have defined 72 strata (4 age groups x 2 parity groups x 3 social class groups x 3 smoking groups) in each contraceptive category.
Between 2 and 4 practices were recruited within each of the 12 strata.
Manufacturing capitalism has everywhere "been recruited from the higher strata of artisans and from aristocrats who had turned bourgeois" (p. 157).
They are c coeval to coal-bearing strata associated locally with kaolinitic refractory claystones.
In the absence of compelling evidence for marine conditions, or marine strata, the default position has been to assume that land existed until proven otherwise.
Almost without exception, the illegitimate children in the sample belonged to the lowest strata of society.
Thus, the exposed strata resulted from highstand shedding from a contemporary, adjacent platform margin, into deeper waters.
At these localities, the uppermost parts of the sandstone are generally composed of thick bedsets of massive to hummocky cross-stratified strata.
The new, improved models are thus in the hands of the upper strata of the system, and also serve as status symbols.
Here, as earlier, the answer consists in setting up a method that will divide the problem into different abstract levels or logical strata.
Tertiary strata at such an elevation had never before been discovered in this part of the world.
However, the difference of species richness between the two strata remained low.
When the breeding season is over and singing is softer and less constant, males may return to forage in lower vegetative strata.
Neurons projecting to the contralateral tectum-tectotectal cells-were located in deep layers, mainly in the periventricular and griseum central strata.
In stratified sampling, the seed lot is divided into subunits called strata.
The whole range of social strata of the northeastern population of the colonies was drawn into efforts to increase production.
My results strongly emphasize the unequal distribution of some species between strata.
The set of its strata is then called its weak stratification.
The largest overlap of species between strata was found in vegetation and tree canopy (17%).
Ants possibly colonized the arboreal habitat from the soil and litter strata.
In the first stage, localities were divided into eight strata and then seventy-one localities were selected from these strata with simple probability sampling.
Depending on the nature of the deposits, we used a combination of arbitrary and natural or cultural strata.
Variations in the level of migration by strata are partly responses to such factors.
Within the two main strata, there was a total of nine regions or 'countries' that were used as the next sampling strata.
Several aspects of these cover strata pose problems for the peneplain hypothesis.
No similar framboids have been found in the surrounding host strata.
The dimension of a support is defined to be the maximal dimension of one of its strata.
Usually less apparent are diversity changes within the coal-bearing strata, where sampling bias and low fossilization potential are of only minor importance.
Will-makers came from all social strata, the affluent as well as the quite poor.
Differing patterns of variation between canopy strata were observed for in the two genotypes.
Beneath the traditional middle class, there emerged new strata.
From the end of the eighteenth century there was an increasing diversification of the social strata in the countryside.
In other words, financial support, both given and received, was more common among the upper socio-economic strata.
Thus, findings based upon this restricted sample cannot be applied across socioeconomic strata or cultural groups.
The subsoil strata were similar in all cases.
Proportional allocation is frequently used for the determination of the total sample size to the individual strata because it is simple and often quite effective.
People expect these two strata to answer the phone, to draft a memo.
We can now move on to analyse the middle class and the varied strata within it in terms of this dynamic of structuration.
Here, then, we have a stratification system whose strata are defined in terms of ascribed status attributes and which is legitimated by religious values.
One problem is that we may have no clear criterion for dividing up the workforce into classes and strata.
One of these tensions may have derived from the divergent ways in which different social strata internalised the nation's past.
While violence towards children occurs in all social strata, violent behaviors towards children, particularly severe violence, is more likely in poor families.
The percentage of the area under different strata is used as weights.
Even on tasks with clear computational limitations, some subjects from the lowest strata of cognitive ability solved the problem.
Furthermore, in practice, we are often interested in making comparisons among the strata so that it is sensible that each be well represented.
Households are to be divided into two strata, according to rateable value.
If the differences between strata are maximised and the variations within them minimised, the benefits from stratification can be considerable.
The variation by strata in the percentage of migrants among the adult children was considerable (between 28 and 91 %).
Current and future generations of older people, especially from different social strata, may experience retirement in rather different ways from those featured here.
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