| 词汇 | example_english_prior |
| 释义 | Examples of priorThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Both uniform and normal priors are used in the model, respectively, to see the effect of priors on posterior inference. Because now all priors are uniform over specified intervals, the procedure is now equivalent to constrained maximum likelihood. A politician who listens quite selectively to the discussion among economists can always find some expert views that support his or her own priors. Such findings are in line with our priors, though we also expected management tools to positively affect tree planting. Their restrictions didn't correspond to our true priors. Several methods exist for determining noninformative priors; however, there is no consensus as to the best method (1, 73-74). Finally, the same probabilities using stronger priors could be added and contrasted. Many of us have strong priors on welfare issues, and it is often painful to find out that your priors do not always hold. The demonstration of an error is considered important because the implicit priors suggest that such a demonstration would be difficult to obtain. We also used informed priors in the current study, for comparison. Moreover, his focus is not exclusively on correctness but, importantly, on the universe of decision-makers whose "priors" will be decisive. Since only one case existed for the privatisation status, priors under privatisation have been attributed the same uncertainty (variance) as priors under non-privatisation. Actually, when an investor follows the herd because of the (assumed) presence of information asymmetries, he or she should coherently revise his or her priors. Other possibilities are skeptical priors, which might be particularly appropriate for regulatory authorities (32), enthusiastic priors (32), or extreme priors that provide bounds (5). Additionally, we find it plausible that a rational agent may have spotty priors. The important point is that the representational priors must accommodate the constraints at an appropriate level of generality. The priors for allelic number and allelic value did not affect the estimates of allelic number in these cases. In this study, we began each data analysis with uniform priors. Bayesian analysis was carried out with uniform priors. Factors for evaluation include three priors, two genotype sampling schemes, two pedigree structures and eight genetic models. Consequently, introducing some shrinkage such as using normal priors with unknown scale parameter appears to be an appropriate choice for genetic effects. The wide uniform priors leaves them essentially unconstrained, but prevents numerical overflow. Such priors contain free parameters which are typically set by optimising with held-out data. Correlated equilibrium is nothing more than just common knowledge of rationality, together with common priors. A detailed system, unique amongst these agreements, for the administration of the priory during vacancies, and for the appointment of future priors, was established. To avoid interpolation of priors, the orientation of the egocentric map is fixed. Reduced-rank spectra and entropic priors as consistent and reliable cues for general sound recognition. In proposing a theory of generalization that allows for arbitrarily structured hypothesis spaces, we owe some account of where those hypothesis spaces and priors might come from. Do the priors on the hypothesis space revert to their original state, or do they assume a different distribution that is partly influenced by the learned concept? However, in the case of trait selection, there were dependencies between parameter estimates and the number of genes, irrespective of the choice of priors on gene effects. Clearly, the use of informed priors greatly ' improved ' the clustering (at the expense, however, of suffering from the potential flaw of assigning specimens to populations a priori). To test this hypothesis, a larger pedigree (12 300 members) was simulated for genetic model 2, and the data set was analysed with uniform and normal priors for genetic effects. Both priors had mean m 10. Uniform priors were assumed for both parameters. Using priors speeds the process, but may seriously bias the parameter space searches (as illustrated by our eel example) and thus provide little or no improvement over frequentist approaches. Results from searches using both uniform and informed priors are illustrated as cluster plots that represent the genetic similarity of each individual to each inferred cluster. In the following, we will first briefly describe the likelihood function in the case of no errors and no missing data and our choice of priors. However, this can easily be accommodated by using multiple priors, including a skeptical one, or by actually estimating the priors in a sample of professionals from the target group. By contrast, it is hard to see how this can provide a selective focus for retinotopic and feature-linked events reflecting the priors driven by feedback from higher level cortical areas. Smoothness priors and nonlinear regression. Prior to the third session, the facilitators were to read the group facilitators' manual in order to discuss its content. Indeed, as shown in the last column, half of the sample lowered their assumed discount rate between the year prior and the year following conversion. Prior experiences were also regarded as being important. Unfortunately, sometimes this kind of prior knowledge is not available. The effect of this prior experience could induce misjudged conclusion. Fish were % starved 2 days prior and during the exposure period. Prior to the experiment, fish were allowed to acclimatize for 2 months. However, specific interactions between schistosomes and their snail hosts start prior to penetration and development in the snail. Blood samples were collected prior to infection and then for up to 487 days. Crop stubbles were tilled just prior to planting. If the first contact could not be scheduled prior to hospital discharge, a home visit was scheduled as close to discharge as possible. The clinic is open-access, with no prior patient registration required. Prior to testing, subjects were familiarized with the test material. Eating disorder symptomatology present during the 3 months prior to the assessment was used for classification purposes. Patients were not eligible if they had used systemic glucocorticoids up to one year prior to the study. Patients were treated with different psychotropic drugs prior to the study. No matter what type of process has been selected, all recent plants have opted to disinfect their effluent prior to discharge. We note that the changes at the plasma edge develop prior to the confinement transition. 36-month assessment covered the period since prior evaluation. The reliability of their assessments was established prior to their participation in the study. Measures from this investigation were assessed prior to age of risk. All resource use for the 3 months prior to interview were collected at each assessment. Parental loss was defined as either death or separation from a parent prior to age 17. One of the preconditions for each task prior to gripper release is the gripper is holding the object being manipulated. However, to inform the par ticipants of the study's aim prior to the recordings could have influenced their speaking style. Reported speech can be used to directly challenge what a prior speaker has just said. What aliases share with a subset of pseudonyms or name changes discussed below is the goal of concealment of a prior identity. Sequential disjunction, in which what is projected by a prior turn is apparently subver ted, is thus a major feature of irony. Tokens in this function attend to a prior turn while simultaneously setting up next-positioned matter. He puts forward the argument that you know has been grammaticalized and, as such, any prior meaning has been "bleached out" (2002:755). In a statistical approach to the problem such weighting must be done with respect to the training corpus, with the addition of any prior knowledge. Of particular interest from the compositional standpoint is that the audience member can view and explore explanatory information prior to experiencing the work. We do not use data prior to 1975 because tenure has been recorded as a continuous measure only since 1975. One method of making this prior knowledge explicit is to examine the metaphors preservice teachers use during their practice teaching. Acknowledging the prior operation of group selection provides an evolutionarily coherent explanation of the survival of human behavioral predispositions that enable social cooperation. Based on this they suggest a provocative policy - a regulator might restrict the biological information publicly provided to landowners prior to running the auction. Households with prior knowledge better understand the benefits and are thus willing to pay more. Any recall of the noncongruent word would be attributed to accessibility of the word from the phonological trace prior to its decay. Thus, all the words in the sentence prior to the direct object were one- or two-syllable words. Must temporal regularization take place in a prior network? In any given context, prior knowledge will provide information about the levels of utility associated with events and actions occurring within that context. Prior to 1947, veiled women came in palanquins to attend classes. More generally, we can think of adding and deleting hypotheses as a special case of reweighting the priors. Thus, averaging the five individual priors is justified. We used non-informative priors so that our inferences are based solely (or almost) on the data. Ideally, we would like to choose priors that are close to their true distributions. Bounded uniform distributions were used as priors for hyperparameters of priors for genetic effects. Compared with bounded uniform priors for genetic effects, normal priors improved variance components estimation in two aspects. Further research is required to determine whether this underestimation results from the use of normal priors for genetic effects on a larger data set. However, this dependency was considerably diminished with normal priors for genetic effects as compared with uniform priors (constant or variable across loci). We also experimented with exponential priors for genetic effects, but no further improvement in variance components estimation was found (results not shown). They also reported that this dependency was greatly diminished with exponential priors and eliminated with normal priors. All new allelic-effect parameters could be drawn from their priors as we have done in the simple case described. The task can generally be accomplished successfully using only tag-level models without lexical sensitivities besides the priors. A distributed lag estimator derived from smoothness priors. As discussed later, the earlier literature on leastsquares learning has allowed heterogeneity in the form of different initial priors but has imposed identical learning rules. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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