词汇 | example_english_pneumonia |
释义 | Examples of pneumoniaThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. They are not dying of quick pneumonias, but from chronic illnesses which take prolonged treatment over weeks, months or years and very often end in death. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There were 12 000 annual hospital discharges for community-acquired pneumonia costing over $40 million per year. Table 3 shows a logistic regression analysis for pneumonia as an outcome comparing two age groups with adjustment for previous vaccination history. The disease is more severe in infants and adults with death resulting from encephalitis or pneumonia. Calf losses rose temporarily to 50 % of all new-born calves, and diarrhoea and pneumonia were recorded in many cattle. Physicians' estimation of pneumonia severity is greater than that obtained using a standardized tool [30]. The incidences of total and confirmed sepsis/ pneumonia mortality were 0.34 and 0.24/1000 live births respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that pneumonia in adults was negatively associated with vaccination history. About 50-80 % of pneumococcal pneumonia is thought to be associated with prior occurrence of some form of viral respiratory illness [36]. Effect of macrolides as part of initial empiric therapy on length of stay in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. However, the results for pneumonia, neoplasm, and pleural effusion without congestive heart failure were not as strong. Confusion, prostration, diarrhea, pneumonia and vertigo are less frequently reported. Mortality for those hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia is high, probably related to its occurrence in those with serious chronic diseases and the elderly [24]. The community incidence of all causes of pneumonia is not well enumerated, either in adults or in children. The structured questionnaire included standard demographic information, respiratory and immunization history, and diagnos(es) of pneumonia as recalled by parents. The estimated incidence of pneumonia before the age of 5 (0 -4 years) is 4.2/1000 person-years. Few studies have attempted to measure the community incidence of pneumonia, for logistic reasons. The major outcome variable was a lifetime diagnosis of pneumonia. More than one episode of pneumonia was reported in 20 % (28/137) of children. The risk factors we found to be associated with pneumonia were asthma, bronchitis, other lung problems and chronic illness. The association between chronic disease and pneumonia risk has been shown in adults and children [13, 14]. Simple pleural effusions occur in up to 40% of bacterial pneumonias. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Postoperative complication rate was 24%-significant arrhythmia (3), recurred coronary arteriovenous fistulas (1), psychosis (1), pneumonia (1). Infant mortality rates from gastro-enteritis and broncho-pneumonia were high and also the stillbirth rate from all causes. A prospective randomized study of inpatient i.v. antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia. The dramatic increase in influenza and pneumonia hospitalizations between 1988 and 1991 is difficult to explain. A change in admission practices for influenza and pneumonia represents a third possible explanation. In addition, chronic infections may be a source of pneumonia and other secondary infections, which have high morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. The disease is probably streptococcus or a form of scarlet fever with "streptococcus pneumoniae" (approximate date). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Evidence that the patient experiences recurrent bouts of pneumonia is an important clue to aspiration that may be silent, as a result of dysphagia. Calf losses were temporarily very high, and severe pneumonia was diagnosed in many calves. Slower-progressing cases featured secondary bacterial pneumonias, and there may have been neural involvement that led to mental disorders in some cases. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. 82 were complicated with pneumonia and 27 died as a result. Furthermore, families with a large number of children were also associated with pneumonia risk. Although community-acquired pneumonia incidence may vary geographically, we also noted that comorbidity increased from rural to urban hospitals. Re-admissions after 2 days and within the first 10 days attributable to a pneumonia diagnosis occurred after 2.2 % of hospital discharges. Improving the care of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Table 1 shows the univariate analysis of risk factors for pneumonia. In most cases, the diagnosis of asthma preceded the diagnosis of pneumonia. We found that 41 % of reported pneumonia cases required hospitalization. Rates of pneumonia as high as 74/ 1000 have been described in the first 3 years of life [4]. Radiological confirmation of the diagnosis of pneumonia was reported by 85 % of pneumonia cases (117/ 137). The association between asthma and pneumonia has been described several times, but the precise relationship between the two conditions is still unclear. The sample size required to give 95 % confidence and 80 % power to detect a prevalence of 5 % of pneumonia in this population is 203. In most cases, we found that the diagnosis of asthma preceded the diagnosis of pneumonia, suggesting that asthma predisposes children to lower respiratory tract infection. If we used persons rather than person-years as a denominator, the rate of pneumonia in children aged <5 years would be 21/1000. Analyses were also conducted for the outcomes of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, and pneumonia requiring hospitalization. The true incidence of community-acquired pneumonia due to legionella infection has been estimated as ranging from 2 to 16 % in industrialized countries [9]. Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guideline for community-acquired pneumonia. Of the 40 hospitalized patients, 8 of the 21 tested had laboratory-confirmed influenza and 26 had pneumonia. Babies presenting during labour, with fetal tachycardia or unexplained 'fetal distress', or at birth typically present with congenital pneumonia. Four had long term feeding difficulties, and two had recurrent pneumonia. A major issue has been aspiration pneumonias, where food or regurgitated stomach content would be aspirated into the lungs causing infections. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Serological markers detected mycoplasma pneumonia only in 1 patient. We considered readmission when a patient was readmitted to the hospital because of an unresolved problem related to previous pneumonia. Our patient was treated with a combination of cefuroxime, erythromycin, and gentamicin according to our protocol for severe community-acquired pneumonia. Melioidosis : an important cause of pneumonia in residents of and travellers returned from endemic regions. The excess mortality in their depressed subjects was almost entirely by natural causes, mainly cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia. Damage identified by radiology ranges from a mild pneumonitis induced by gastric acid to pneumonia associated with a lung abscess, or empyema. Not infrequently a severe chest infection or pneumonia is the first manifestation, as are symptoms such as lassitude, weight loss, dyspnoea and night sweats. In addition, foci with interstitial pneumonia with moderate to marked alveolitis containing large macrophages, eosinophils and haemorhages were observed. Complications in infants hospitalised for bronchiolitis or respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia. In industrialized countries up to 10 % of measles cases are associated with complications, the most common being otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, and mortality [2]. They concluded the vaccination reduced the likelihood of admission for cardiac disease by 19 % compared to 30 % for pneumonia and influenza. A 12-day-old-baby, hospitalized for pneumonia, was found to have double outlet right ventricle with the aorta anterior to the pulmonary trunk. The health domains described included mobility, stage of disease, pain, hoarseness, tiredness, pneumonia, swallowing and meals, psychological problems, and social support. If the model were to include the beneficial effects of azithromycin on the incidence of sinusitis and pneumonia, azithromycin prophylaxis would appear even more cost-effective. Discharged after stay for pneumonia treated with antibiotics 4 days earlier. The majority of cases of pneumonia are relatively mild and associated with low mortality. Infants delivered at home had a 3n5-fold increased risk of pneumonia. Our data suggest that children with pre-existing lung disease, particularly asthma and bronchitis, are at an increased risk of pneumonia. Fifteen children were affected by acute respiratory failure due to interstitial pneumonia. Another prospective study showed that abnormal lung function in early life may predispose infants to pneumonia in the first 2 years of life [8]. However, this should not have a major impact on determining the incidence of pneumonia, since this is a common disease. Most studies of communityacquired pneumonia in childhood have focussed only on hospitalized cases [24-26]. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for pneumonia. The ascertainment of pneumonia was by parental recall, which may be subject to bias. Predicting death in patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia. Results from the pneumonia patient outcomes research team cohort study. Preventing mismanagement of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital : implications for institution-specific practice guidelines. Epidemiology of clinically diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia in the primary care setting : results from the 1999-2000 respiratory surveillance program. Prandial aspiration and pneumonia in an elderly population followed over 3 years. Prevention of diarrhoea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries : pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. In remote communities pneumonia and other febrile illnesses are often treated with daily parenteral antibiotics without cultures. Early treatment with acyclovir for varicella pneumonia in otherwise healthy adults : retrospective controlled study and review. The literature on practice patterns for community-acquired pneumonia does not note a high frequency of inappropriate early hospital discharges. She had repeated aspiration pneumonias and slow growth in spite of a gastrostomy for feeding, and she had difficulty with both verbal and motor development. There were no differences regarding radiological presentation of pneumonias, and most patients had interstitial infiltrates. The reason for this discrepancy is probably that, compared to infants, teenagers present fewer pneumonias caused by other microorganisms. The first death was due to pneumonia, which occurred after reoperation for repair of residual partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The disease symptoms can be relatively mild, but in some cases severe complications, including bronchial pneumonia and respiratory failure, can occur. I use osteopathy, acupuncture and massage for my back problems, and homeopathy and acupuncture for my pneumonia. Clinicians may well be more inclined to think of legionella during the summer when seeing patients with pneumonia who have just returned from holiday. Independent risk factors for blastomycosis were black race and a prior history of pneumonia. History of pneumonia and underlying illnesses was significantly associated with blastomycosis in this study. Severe post-splenectomy infection (defined as meningitis, septicaemia or pneumonia requiring hospitalization) has a still greater incidence of 0.42-7.16/100 persons per year. The mortality due to pneumonia is 10-50 times higher in the developing world and is therefore amenable to substantial improvement. We can speculate on the models for a causal pathway for parental education to beneficially influence occurrence of pneumonia in infants and children. Community-acquired pneumonia may be a condition suitable for quality improvement initiatives and where an impact would potentially have significant implications on resource allocation. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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