| 词汇 | example_english_natural-resources |
| 释义 | Examples of natural resourcesThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Until the 1970s, economists in general had a favourable view of abundant naturalresources. This situation produces incentives to overexploit such naturalresources, which differ from other forms of capital that presumably have well-defined property rights. However, naturalresources are most often allocated inefficiently and externalities are not fully corrected. Many poor people, particularly in developing countries, rely on naturalresources for their livelihood, and these people are very vulnerable to deterioration in the resource. In this context, expanding and implementing national accounts systems that consider natural resources as just another form of capital appear as a necessary way forward. This situation produces incentives to overexploit such naturalresources, which differs from other forms of capital that presumably have well-defined property rights. Furthermore, as part of the household survey the household management of naturalresources was assessed. In other words, the state should retain ownership of the naturalresources, while devolving the power to manage and control the resource to the stakeholders. A country's extraction of naturalresources is likely to be a function of numerous factors besides a country's extent of indebtedness. This is the case for naturalresources in all of our samples. When property rights for naturalresources do not exist or are not enforced, overexploitation often occurs. We group households into those that receive income from naturalresources and those that do not. One reason is that there are many naturalresources, not one; and this alone would make the putative theory incoherent. As the natural regenerative rate of such resources is zero, they can be regarded as a limiting case of renewable naturalresources. A complete trade reform can be seen as inducing the economy to increase its investment in naturalresources. Local communities have had substantial control over naturalresources since 1952 when a major revolution ushered in an agrarian reform. One view is that as population increases, scarcity of naturalresources increases. In this model version, it will be shown that a small elasticity of substitution between naturalresources and labour is favourable for growth. Intercommunal or inter-ethnic ones, waged over naturalresources, are a common form. Sovereignty over naturalresources; balancing rights and duties. Economic growth relies less on abundance or scarcity of naturalresources than on the way they are managed. But their planet has few naturalresources, and they have worked incredibly hard to achieve their wellbeing. The authors hypothesize that free trade allows developing countries to specialize in goods that are intensive in their relatively abundant factors: labor and naturalresources. Examples of externalities include negative environmental effects such as pollution and the unsustainable depletion of naturalresources. The model also analyzes an interaction between naturalresources, latitude, and variables included in the path model. Many people have realized that we cannot sustain economic development if we do not maintain the services and quality of naturalresources over time. At the community level, bylaws and other regulations are commonly used to manage naturalresources. By contrast, this paper analyzes community regulations used to regulate privately owned naturalresources. Rural communities in developing countries depend heavily on naturalresources, both for commercial production and subsistence consumption. A crucial question for development agencies and conservationists is: when will economic development worsen threats to naturalresources? This application overcomes a measurement problem, related to the economic depreciation of naturalresources, that has plagued previous applied work. Nonetheless, they do raise policy issues that could be looked at in other tropical inland fisheries and, perhaps to a wider range of naturalresources. Defensive strategies designed to protect infant industries and threatened landowners were extended to include the endowment of naturalresources. Should local communities be engaged in the management of spatially confined naturalresources? What happens cannot be reduced simply to a conflict over scarce naturalresources by two opposing ethnic groups. In the quality-oflife literature, agents' welfare may include additional variables, such as naturalresources, property rights, institutions, and the level of democracy. Using a one-sector approach and multi-sector endogenous growth models the accumulation and the substitution of man-made inputs for naturalresources are analysed. Much of the work exploring this relationship has tended to concentrate on naturalresources as inputs to the agricultural production process. In actual fact, the management of community naturalresources was mainly governed by rules based on customary law. Complex feedbacks between population, growth, technology, and naturalresources make this question impossible to answer. Naturalresources, such as fisheries, mining and forestry, are usually highly regulated through zoning and licensing. This industrialization was closely linked to naturalresources (agricultural produce, cement, wood, paper). Human consumption and global population are increasing, and experts warn that naturalresources are finite and that current levels of resource exploitation cannot be maintained. The large and growing population imposes great pressure on available naturalresources. Environmentalists certainly would not neglect the role of naturalresources and are sensitive to the costs associated with resource depletion. The size of its population, its naturalresources and its free-market system make it arguably the most influential player in the business world. Second, she hardly deals with the global forces shaping access to wealth and consumer goods, exploitation of naturalresources and forest degradation. Economists have studied naturalresources from the earliest days of the profession and for good reason. Regarding current exploitation of certain naturalresources, the required reduction might be substantial and the adjustment process might well take several decades. In many countries policies have been adopted to improve management, with almost a conventional wisdom advocating devolution of naturalresources to local groups resulting. In this case, there is a clear contradiction between urban economic growth and the conservation of naturalresources. It makes sense then to identify environmental resources with renewable naturalresources. This model assumes that economic growth is not limited by naturalresources or environmental changes. The author is well aware of the economics of naturalresources, which he transmits in a clear and non-technical language. Our welfare measure includes two arguments: consumption and the stock of naturalresources, or nature capital. Of course, many naturalresources were not sustainably managed. Methodologies for monitoring and evaluating agricultural and naturalresources research. Then we calculate the marginal impact of a change in the price of naturalresources on inequality. The potential importance of naturalresources for the livelihood of poor rural households has long been recognized but seldom quantified and analyzed. The historical record suggests that countries with abundant naturalresources suffer a disadvantage in economic development. Indeed, some levels and kinds of industrial development may actually reduce pressure on naturalresources. The time has arrived to develop a different working relationship between people and naturalresources. Hence, their results are biased away from sustainability, as total rent overstates the economic depreciation of naturalresources. Halting degradation of naturalresources: is there a role for rural communities? During this stage farmer-promoters and project participants engaged in active participation and movement towards improved management of naturalresources, with extensive adoption of new technologies. With their present scarcity, naturalresources (land and water) have to be maintained intact, even enhanced, and further environmental degradation must be avoided. Meeting cereal demand while protecting naturalresources and improving environmental quality. In the past, research on naturalresources has been too often conducted in a disjointed, fragmented fashion. Good management of naturalresources is the key to good agriculture. We have now reached a situation where problems in managing our naturalresources are recognized to be multidimensional, with physical, economic, social and cultural dimensions. These ideas gain expression in such cultural domains as environmental taboos, nature beliefs and ethical principles that mediate human utilization of naturalresources. Traditional agricultural land-use patterns and misuse of land and other naturalresources are also observed in the region. It has considerable geopolitical importance with regard to fishery zones and the exploitation of other naturalresources. This legislation serves two purposes: to protect the environment from emissions on the waste path, and to reduce the use of naturalresources. In particular, naturalresources are more prominently featured in the circular-flow description of the economy. They can be used to reallocate naturalresources, providing a regulatory framework exists, to guide the process in the direction desired by the society. There are different types of consumption, and some use naturalresources more than others. The good can be either consumed, or spent in increasing the stock of naturalresources, or reinvested for its own accumulation. It is also possible to argue that there is another link between naturalresources and poverty: poverty contributes to the degradation of naturalresources. One of several possible interpretations is that risk-averse attitudes contribute to a poor management of naturalresources. In poor rural economies, introduction of private property rights may, therefore, not be a sufficient policy instrument to achieve sustainable management of naturalresources. In these cases, economic growth increases with a declining input of naturalresources. Section 2 provides an introductory exposition of the substitution of capital and labour for naturalresources in a one-sector framework. Among other things, development of these institutions affects the distribution and management of naturalresources and the efficiency of economic activities (ibid.). In this research, we focus on local and state government institutions used by communities to manage naturalresources. There are several possible explanations for the apparent curse of naturalresources. Thirdly, they might gain some power over naturalresources regulation, since local partners are more likely to be influenced. In particular, by undermining respect for property rights in nationally owned naturalresources, they promoted deforestation. Complementarity in the exploitation of naturalresources has turned into competition. Such a policy implied conservation of naturalresources, the full development of agriculture and a repopulated countryside. So-called communal conflicts, for example, often over access to naturalresources, including land and water, are a common example. These are all sanctioned by a production system that ' depends on the export of goods generated in enclaves, in particular naturalresources ' (p. 104). Countries richly endowed with naturalresources have, on average, developed less rapidly than countries that are poor in naturalresources. The environment includes endowments like preferences, naturalresources, environmental conditions, technology, physical constraints, property rights, and information structure. In many of these regions the productivity of agriculture is low, human populations are growing and naturalresources eroding under pressures of over-use. These worst case studies reveal a century-long history of local naturalresources extracted by oppressive means and channelled by opaque pathways to international markets. Then, naturalresources are an inessential input in the long run and the income share needed for the compensation of the natural input steadily declines. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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