| 词汇 | example_english_probability |
| 释义 | Examples of probabilityThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Transition probabilities were calculated directly from clinical trial data for the first 3 years and then extrapolated to 10 years. We assume that the age differences within a cohort are small enough to consider these subgroups as being homogeneous with respect to transition probabilities. The main interest is in characterizing how precisely we can 'bound' the probabilities associated with various atoms. His treatment is probabilistic, where probabilities are obtained from statistical data, rather than being subjective probabilities. The probabilities here can be derived from statistical data on the relative frequency of prescriptions of drugs under given conditions. At each cycle of the process, the cohort is reallocated to health states according to specified transition probabilities. A better position, surely, would be to consider the objective probabilities of the unrealized alternatives. I hold that cases in which (only) numbers are different are structurally similar to cases in which (only) probabilities are different. The probabilities that seedlings reached reproductive size were estimated to be between 2.8 and 5%. Then, for each grid, we add the square of the difference of two probabilities. Conversely, canopy trees show slower dynamics, with probabilities of mortality and recruitment lowered by a mean factor of about 0.5 with respect to other species. All probabilities are appropriately conditioned on the observed data, and users can find any probabilities of interest. Evaluating and combining physicians' probabilities of survival in an intensive care unit. The survival for the first year was estimated by multiplying the matrix detailing the monthly probabilities by itself between 1 and 12 times. The majority of studies presented both positive and negative outcomes of the intervention/treatment decisions, and one third attached probabilities to these outcomes. Beyond the trial, transition probabilities from the natural history data set are used for both groups. Data on survival and costs, and a majority of screening probabilities, were from our own empirical studies. A different experimental approach is required to distinguish between these probabilities. Such summation occurs for all combinations of directions and determines the time course of relative probabilities for combinations. Since the reverse correlation functions plot relative probabilities, this shows up as a negative second phase. Reported deaths were included in the distr ict-wide calculations of disability probabilities. The most distinctive feature of quantum theory - the interference of probabilities - is thus expressed equally well in position space and momentum space. Figure 5(a)-(b) show the probabilities of death by cause over the first five years of a baby's life. Hence, there is no way of determining the comparative probabilities of the religion-as-non-fiction hypothesis and the religion-as-fiction hypothesis. The disadvantage of probabilistic methods is that they require correctly assigned probabilities, which often cannot be clearly assigned in particular biological cases. In addition, forecasting either kind of variability has an almost immovable difficulty: that the forecasts are in the for m of probabilities. Once these have been ruled out, probabilities for more typical dependencies behave essentially as for uniform entries. On the contrary, it was from their imperfect knowledge that non-numerical probabilities could arise. Rather, it is clear that the 'weights' are closely connected to the idea of non-numerical probabilities, which in their turn derive from imperfect analogies. Because logit regressions rely on a non-linear link function, the coefficients must be translated into predicted probabilities. The differences between prior and posterior probabilities then reflect how much has been learned from the evidence, and research becomes an incremental learning process. In this model, the estimated coefficients can be interpreted directly as marginal probabilities. Our focus in this article, rather, is on the magnitude of the association between campaigning, media coverage and the candidates' probabilities of election. The membership functions are automatically estimated through some probabilities and the neural network with a certain learning algorithm. The class probabilities or relative frequencies are given by the also unknown vector phi (lines 9-14). Both models yield estimated choice probabilities that differ by less than 0.02, which can be distinguished only in very large samples. There is also a single methodological chapter in the book, which is directed toward economists interested in analyzing subjective probabilities. In the following section, we calculate these three outcome probabilities for different payoff levels. In general, different sampling probabilities arise most naturally in multistage sampling designs. The axiomatic theor y abstracts itself from the number sequences which, in the frequentist theory, define the events and their probabilities. The 70-year old pensioner has to accept substantial probabilities of capital exhaustion within his lifetime relying on an insurance equivalent fund solution. A number of methods for the elicitation of probabilities are known from the field of decision analysis. As earlier, the pi are also equal to the probabilities that a departure leaves i elements behind. The survival probabilities are computed for each female and male elderly separately on a monthly basis. Table 11 shows the individual unigram probabilities of the words in a cluster including mainly soccer news articles for both word-based and stem-based approaches. We observe greater probabilities of survival for rivalries in which the weak link of the dyad exhibits low levels of democracy and development. The extent of party influence is illustrated in another way, by translating the effects into probabilities. The events for which probabilities need to be assessed in a belief network are often unobservable, making feedback impossible. Point estimates for each variable in the model, obtained from empirical data, were first used to calculate probabilities. Although hillclimbing does not guarantee that an optimal solution will be found, this is a moot point since the loss probabilities are only estimates. In particular, the results of the population study can be (and were) used to calibrate these probabilities. The algorithm learns a grammar by iteratively adjusting the probabilities of rules to minimize the entropy of the training corpus. Figure 6 presents the hit probabilities for various rates of occurrence and various sample densities. Figure 3 displays predicted probabilities for men and women, while manipulating age and political interest. The contagion effect is modeled via the dependence of the transition probabilities on the fraction of traders in the alternative state. The procedure sets out with the elicitation of initial, probably highly uncertain, assessments for all conditional probabilities required for the belief network under construction. To describe the ' 'strengths' ' of these relationships, several conditional probabilities are provided. In the ®rst step of the elicitation procedure, initial assessments are acquired for all conditional probabilities for a belief network in the making. Using our clustering model to calculate these conditional probabilities can solve this problem. Characteristically, the higher values of do not correspond to the higher values of conditional probabilities of repeat occurrences. The two models are very similar except for the weights (fuzzy membership functions vs. conditional probabilities) on the edges and nodes of the network. When maternal transmission is included, we find consistent scenarios up to very high maternal transmission probabilities. The notions of qualitative probabilities, qualitative plausibility, and so on, are then introduced. Instead of eliciting all probabilities required from domain experts, initial assessments, for at least some of these probabilities, may be obtained from data, if available. Finally, because the parser relies on probabilities instead of deterministic rules, it is easy to capture naturally occurring variation among speakers and speaking styles. Thus, the intertemporal substitutability in consumption of the second good "undoes" the effect of the indivisibility by substituting percentages in time for probabilities. Inferring genotype probabilities for untyped individuals in complex pedigrees. Table 1 gives the transition rates and probabilities for the model. As a consequence, a large number of probabilities remain to be assessed by domain experts. The majority of the probabilities required will therefore have to be assessed by domain experts. The network currently includes over 80 stochastic variables, for which some 4000 probabilities have been specified. If we use expert judgement to elicit the structure and the associated probabilities, can we update the probabilities in the light of experience? We focus on the probabilities concerning the length of the tumour in the oesophagus of an arbitrary patient presented with oesophageal carcinoma. Indicating that contact and infection probabilities both determined the extent to which the red squirrel population declined. The second simulates the change that results in the first set of probabilities when constituency interests is changed to its maximum value. To start with, the variation in ideology among the voters induces a spread in the distribution of voters' probabilities. The probabilities are calculated based on a forecasting model that uses information available two months before the election. Predicted probabilities from presidential and congressional vote choice regressions parallel each other until the early 1960s. The lack of long-term census and quantification of dispersal\\extinction probabilities hinder any detailed account of whether the predictions outlined above are valid. To prove these results, let di (t) = i (t) - i ; that is, the di (t) are the deviations of the transient probabilities from steady state. Is it still plausible to maintain that the probabilities of the conditionals about me are all extremely high ? The first stage of the procedure is to calculate the joint probabilities of infection under the assumption that infections with different parasite species are independent. Another similar idea is to use the base pair probabilities which can be calculated from the partition function algorithm. The purpose of this paper is to describe these two methods for correcting corpus uterine cancer incidence rates and probabilities. Instead, we have estimated all new transition probabilities by hand. They were important guide in setting the ad hoc transition probabilities in each model. They found that performance improved as the amount of context increased, so that word position dependent n-gram probabilities gave better performance. If he knew the probabilities of the three states of the market, he could compute and then maximise the expected profit. Positive and negative feedback criteria are also employed to inform and adjust these probabilities. Below, we report uncorrected degrees of freedom and corrected probabilities. Second, probabilities are estimated of fulfilling criteria, given class membership. By contrast, the counterpart probabilities are substantially larger for the low-risk group: 31.6, 59.4, and 33.1%, respectively. The respective probabilities for the two groups were 31.0 versus 18.3% for physical aggression, 64.3 versus 46.1% for vandalism, and 31.0 versus 27.0% for theft. In what follows, we describe briefly what we consider to be the reoccurring themes that offer reasonable probabilities of gains in that direction. The probabilities were elicited from three schistosomiasis experts. Several researchers have provided estimates, proposed exact values, or heuristic bounds for the critical probabilities. People choose to play a game with others according to these interaction probabilities. Therefore, one may also expect the amount of damage to the respective crop to affect the group probabilities. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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