| 词汇 | example_english_mitotic |
| 释义 | Examples of mitoticThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate nuclear lamins and display sequence specificity overlapping that of mitotic protein kinase p34cdc2. A mitotic heterokaryon carries thus a unique metaphase plate composed of 20 somatic chromosomes of egg-cell origin and 20 meiotic bivalents. Simultaneously a decrease in mitotic activity was also observed. At this early stage the mitotic spindle is located some 50 m from the top of the blastodisc. Nevertheless, none of the genes required for proper mitotic chromosome condensation have been seen to play a role in male meiosis. During mitosis, calmodulin redistributes to the mitotic apparatus and to condensed chromosomes. The data therefore demonstrate that the male centresome uniquely forms the mitotic apparatus in ascidian zygotes, whereas the female meiotic centresome degenerates. Tetrads with both a mitotic and meiotic origin are listed twice. If loss of heterozygosity due to mitotic recombination were to occur, two descendant populations of genetically distinct cells will result. Their study shows that the time lag and the threshold resulting from covalent modification are essential for the onset of mitotic oscillation. They may, for example, inhibit the stimulating effect of endogenous growth factors on mitotic divisions of the myoblasts in the copulatory organ. Mitotic figures had a baseline value of 5.5 per villus-crypt unit, and this rose to in excess of 25 in some experiments. Karyological analysis was carried out on photographs of 54 well-spread gametogonial and embryonic mitotic metaphase plates. Yeast is very suitable for analyses of eukaryotic recombination mechanisms in both mitotic and meiotic cells. Could this intellectual blind spot result from the fact that mature neurons, being post-mitotic, do not succumb to the disease? We show that calmodulin localisation to different structures in the developing mitotic apparatus occurs by both activationdependent and activation-independent mechanisms. Such chromosome pairing has never been observed in our mitotic heterokaryons. The centrosomes then separate and the mitotic spindle is formed. If the understanding of checkpoint regulation during early embryonic mitotic cell cycles is limited, similar information is totally lacking concerning meiosis. Mitotic spindle poles are organized by structural and motor proteins in addition to centrosomes. Spermatocytogenesis involves mitotic cell divisions, which lead to an increase in the yield of spermatogonia associated with production of stem cells and primary spermatocytes. An unusual mode of spindle formation was observed during the first mitotic division after fusion of the pronuclei. Therefore, the growth of mitotic division may not be an additional factor for hatching in the mouse blastocyst. The centrosomes between both pronuclei establish two new mitotic asters on opposite sides of the disassembling pronuclear envelops. Amphibian ovary is especially suitable for studying the expression of proteins in developing tissues since both mitotic and meiotic divisions are present in ovarian follicles. Isolation of mitotic apparatus containing vesicles with calcium sequestration activity. During mitosis the endoplasmic reticulum is known to aggregate within the asters of the mitotic apparatus. The neurofilament antibody also stained a cortial site in eggs which was associated with the positioning of the mitotic spindle. Together these results suggest that the size of the mitotic apparatus is at least partly determined by the pool of polymerisable tubulin. First, they used discrete parthenogenic generations ; the products of the mitotic divisions in the upper panel being distinguished as ' parent' and ' offspring ' generations. Evidence for mitotic recombination requires a haplotype analysis via genotyping of flanking genetic markers. Close inspection of mitotic chromosomes from a number of individuals shows that there is variation in the staining and size of some chromosome homologues. Accumulation of defective mitochondria through delayed degradation of damaged organelles and its possible role in the ageing of post-mitotic and dividing cells. Mitotic recombination may result in loss of heterozygosity for all markers distal to the recombination event. Decreased expression of these genes and increased mitotic activity render differentiating cells more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents (fig001cbh). Mitotic errors in chromosome 21 of human preimplantation embryos are associated with non-viability. Mosaicism could arise through several mechanisms including abnormal cell divisions (mitotic non-disjunction or anaphase lag), failure of cytokinesis or endoreduplication. Arresting the mitotic oscillator and the control of cell proliferation : insights from a cascade model for cdc2 kinase activation. Mitotic figures in 10 crypts per mouse were counted to give a mitotic index. Villus:crypt ratio and mitotic index based on counts from four mice per group. Karyological analysis revealed the modal diploid number 2n 10 at the stage of mitotic metaphase. Cellular division, as reflected in numbers of mitotic figures, stayed elevated for over 5 weeks after removal of worms. Each mitotic index was based on the mean of 6-10 samples; 1500-3000 cells were analysed in each sample. A mitotic cycle reactivation during orthodox seed germination occurs after a period of imbibition. Meiosis is completed with the extrusion of the second polar body and the fertilised zygote enters the first mitotic interphase. We have probed for activation of the spindleassembly checkpoint using chemical agents that alter the stability of microtubules, which are present within the mitotic spindle. Opposing motor activities are required for the organization of the mammalian mitotic spindle pole. The effects of ultrarapid freezing on meiotic and mitotic spindles of mouse oocytes and embryos. On the morphology of the mitotic apparatus isolated from echinoderm eggs. The electroporation system complements the retroviral system, insofar as it allows for efficient genetic modification of postmitotic cells and mitotic cells. Microinjected kinetochore antibodies interfere with chromosome movement in meiotic and mitotic mouse oocytes. Immunopositivity was found throughout the year in the mitotic germinal epithelium. Chaos is considered a separate class to aneuploidy in human embryos and may arise through the breakdown of mitotic checkpoint genes. In the control group parthenogenetic embryos were inseminated at the 2-cell stage, a few hours after the first mitotic division. In the course of this pathway cells pass from a maintenance state through mitotic divisions, meiosis and finally terminal differentiation. Cloning of four cyclins from maize indicates that higher plants have three structurally distinct groups of mitotic cyclins. Thus, in both organisms, mitotic mutants are not only less frequent but also simpler in structure than meiotic mutants. Our results indicate the mutational event to be due to mitotic recombination and not double non-disjunction. High frequency in i o loss of heterozygosity is primarily a consequence of mitotic recombination. Measurements were made on karyotypes from photographs of seven well-spread mitotic metaphases. Before entering meiosis, the germ cell has undergone many mitotic divisions; each of these is at risk of chromosomal error. A possible mechanism leading to the fully chaotic type would be a multi-polar spindle at the first mitotic division. As the only mature cell type in the brain exhibiting significant mitotic activity, microglia might be subject to replicative senescence. Assessment of microtubule stabilizers by semiautomated in vitro microtubule protein polymerization and mitotic block assays. Such mutants were considered to be of mitotic origin. The simplest form of a mitotic oscillator driving the alternation between the interphase and mitosis of cell life has been found in amphibian eggs. However, model studies show that with relatively simple assumptions general properties of a mitotic oscillator can well be simulated. In orthodox seeds mitotic activity in the meristems progressively decreases during maturation drying. By contrast, chromosome separation and movement towards the poles of the mitotic apparatus, as well as daughter nuclei formation, occurred normally. Additionally, they have gone through a set repertoire of changes associated with the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles prior to undergoing spermiogenesis. The first mitotic division is usually completed 15-18 h after oocyte activation. Dynamics of chromosomes and microtubules visualized by multiplewavelength fluorescence imaging in living mammalian cells: effects of mitotic inhibitors on cell cycle progression. The mitotic index was scored by sampling random fields under x 800x 1000 total magnification. There is a strong possibility that certain malignancies may be attributable to perturbations of mitotic checkpoints. The fine structure and immunological labeling of the achromatic mitotic apparatus after disruption of cell membranes. Purification of maturation-promoting factor, an intracellular regulator of early mitotic events. Activation of p34cdc2 protein kinase activity in meiotic and mitotic cell cycles in mouse oocytes and embryos. About 2% of nuclei in the germinative zone of non-treated ovaries were in mitotic division, but after colchicine treatment 15% or more of nuclei were in arrested metaphase. Non-disjunction or mitotic recombination at an early zygotic stage will result in uniparental disomy for a chromosome or chromosome region that is not compatible with survival. By using a third stain, linked to an antibody against the microtubule protein, tubulin, it was confirmed that none of the cells which were producing vicilin were mitotic. After the first mitotic blastomere division, the 1-cell embryo turns into a 2-cell embryo, and removal of the zona pellucida with collagenase is possible once again. Characterisation and immunocytochemical distribution of calmodulin in higher plant endosperm cells: localisation in the mitotic apparatus. Activation of p34/cdc2 protein kinase in meiotic and mitotic cycles of mouse oocytes and embryos. Mitotic domains in the early embryo of the zebrafish. The key parameters quantified in such studies have been villus height, crypt depth and mucosal cellular division as reflected by mitotic figures. Sporozoites are not visible after 6 days, and mitotic division is still occurring at this time. Mitotic activity in the drying embryo may be controlled by its moisture level. The data suggest that the embryo moisture content may control the extent of mitotic activity in the meristems of maturing seed. Only germinated seeds were used for the embryo moisture content and mitotic index determinations; germination percentage was 97. The first is that incessant ovulation with repeated trauma to the epithelium or repeated mitotic stimulation of the epithelium is carcinogenic. Alternatively, stimulated microglia undergo senescence, demonstrated by reduced viability and mitotic activity, after several weeks in culture and in the absence of telomerase repression. Cells were fertilised, and the images taken during progression of the first mitotic division. In addition, it has been postulated that the growth or mitotic division of the trophectodermal cells may be another factor in hatching. The c-mos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for mitotic arrest in vertebrate eggs. A destabilised mitotic spindle (in nocodazole) should suffer a loss of tension, while a stabilised mitotic spindle (in paclitaxel) should retain or increase its tension. Indeed, the antibody stained the asters and (more strongly) the vesicular components attaching to the periphery of the mitotic apparatus. Nucleation of microtubules from mitotic centrosomes is modulated by a phosphorylated epitope. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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