Examples of corruption

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
We supplement this with an additional analysis of a second dataset on corruption measured during the late 1980s.
The answer appears to lie, at least in part, in the popular perception of rampant official corruption in that country.
In other words, the various models explain roughly 78 to 86 per cent of the variance in corruption across the cases analysed here.
Corruption can be widespread at the local government level, even if it is controlled effectively at the central government level.
Given the obvious difficulties in measuring corruption, any one source may be highly inaccurate.
A potentially more serious problem is that changes in perceptions of corruption may lag reality, if they have anything to do with reality at all.
A number of cross-national studies include corruption in their analysis.
The economic reform index, log of price level, corruption index, and the war dummy are the intermediate variables.
Corruption and the economic reform index are highly correlated (.77).
A high correlation between the cultural index and corruption (.-83) raises multicollinearity concerns.
There are other factors such as regulatory policies, bureaucratic procedures, corruption, access to financial credit and foreign currency resources.
Democratisation can at times increase levels of corruption by providing new opportunities.
Political parties and leaders have become irresponsible in as far as adherence to the rule of law is concerned due to political corruption.
The opening up and expansion of the democratic space under mutipartyism has, nonetheless, had positive effects on corruption.
Aires represents another variation on the theme of official corruption and injustice.
Following this interpretation, it may be dangerous to reject the variant reading 66° as a mere corruption.
An inevitable consequence of this concentration was increased cronyism and corruption.
The weak legal system, which is analysed later in the paper, the weak judiciary, under-utilized courts, easily made corruption endemic.
Another element undermining the total control exercised by central government was the question of corruption.
Moral custodians bemoaned the corruption that typi®ed the new youth culture: promiscuity, falling standards and so on.
However, economic progress and delivery of social services, such as healthcare and education, also depend on the success of the efforts to curb rampant corruption.
A growing body of evidence suggests that corruption is one of the major causes of environmental damage in developing countries.
The assumption of an exogenously given upper bound on penalties, while widely employed in the literature, is clearly an unsatisfactory feature of models of corruption.
Intuitively, higher taxes induce greater corruption, which in turn necessitates greater auditing.
An interesting question is how the inclusion of corruption affects the per capita income levels at which pollution levels attain their maximum.
The pollution-reducing effect of higher income therefore starts at lower income levels than in the case where corruption is explicitly included.
The robustness with respect to including in addition the second power of corruption is discussed i n section 4.4.
Reducing corruption therefore seems to be of key importance for improving environmental quality especially in developing countries.
Following most of the empirical literature on the economic effects of corruption, the paper uses cross-country regressions.
The reason for this simple approach is the lack of a compelling theoretical basis for deriving a specific way in which corruption affects income.
In this specification, corruption is significant at least at the 5.5 per cent level for all ambient pollution indicators except phosphorus.
By reducing corruption, lowincome countries could considerably improve both their economic and environmental conditions.
On the other hand, corruption has been found to reduce prosperity.
The two types of effect of corruption on pollution may differ in sign.
There are two distinct ways in which corruption may affect environmental quality.
However, even if corruption reduces pollution via its effect on income, this indirect effect is invariably dominated by the direct effect.
The policy implication is that resource-rich countries can improve their weak sustainability performance by fighting corruption, difficult as this may be.
Due to transaction costs, tax distortions, bureaucratic inefficiencies, or corruption, this share is less than one.
There are persuasive theoretical and empirical arguments in the literature that suggest corruption in particular may be a major explanatory factor in the resource curse.
The indicators of institutional quality are corruption, bureaucratic quality and the rule of law.
Is this corruption, or the fulfilling of an avuncular duty?
Together they formed the impetus for greed and corruption, not democratic cohesion.
On the other hand, the economic recovery is believed to be one factor that will speed up the process of combating the corruption problem.
Rampant corruption and lack of public accountability has caused deep popular distrust of the state.
Any historical change in it was therefore seen as its degeneration and corruption.
Corruption, he says, cannot exist without the connivance, even if passive, of the political leadership.
While the reasons for using the rule of law variable are obvious, the justification for the use of the corruption variable may be less so.
During this time, he was brought together with people who shared his similar opinions on the corruptions of the era.
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