Examples of consumption

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Correlatively, energy consumption per meter has more than doubled.
Like in the preceding section, an external force is used to simulate the robot's energy consumption.
Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children : a randomised trial.
Since most of these goods have to be imported, they are omitted from the further food production/food consumption comparison.
The focus groups did not find a clear linkage between concern about the environment, health and other issues and organic food consumption.
There are also differences in consumption of health care and social service between the two groups.
They calculate a personal probability of consumption shortfall and show that it is substantial, particularly for high-entry ages.
Another possibility for the government to ensure budget balance is to reduce government consumption, while maintaining pension benefits.
However, for the present at least it seems that the promise of these new forms of hybridity and eclectic consumption remain just that: a promise.
A related limitation is the absence of year-by-year information on the level of tobacco consumption.
Consideration should be given to the timing of meals, eating out, social activities, exercise and alcohol consumption.
As we know, the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is a measure of tolerance toward intertemporal variation in consumption.
The negative correlation of investment and consumption is present even if the serial correlation of the intermediation shock is 0.98. 18.
Because this value can always vary with the realization of a sunspot variable, consumption is made excessively volatile.
In other words, the percentage of expected consumption that consumers would be willing to give up to eliminate all uncertainty.
To sum up, consumption will be subject to an overshooting phenomenon after a positive perturbation on the wage rate.
In the long run, both the consumption level and the labor supply recover their initial values.
To sum up, consumption will be subject to an initial overshooting mechanism that results from a positive intertemporal revenue effect.
When the agent is a creditor, both his consumption level and his leisure time may increase in the short run.
The individual will decrease his consumption level and his leisure time (he raises his labor supply).
Equations (2), (11), and (15) form a system of loglinear expectational difference equations in consumption, capital stock, and the technology shock.
In this sense the life-cycle model of consumption provides a natural example of learning with bounded memory.
To smooth this fall in consumption over time, households commence the cut in consumption before the tax cut comes into effect.
Percentage increase in consumption in each period required to bring about the same increase in utility as an optimal tax reform.
Let cit denote her consumption of this good.
In the absence of first-period consumption, individuals save the bequest that they receive from their parents.
In this model, there is no production, but each agent receives endowments of a single, perishable consumption good.
Section 2 describes the economic environment and derives preliminary optimization results regarding consumption and production.
When young, individuals use labor income to purchase assets in addition to consumption goods.
A parent's utility depends on her consumption and her child's expected income.
In this environment, a commodity vector at each point in time is made up of consumption and a set of 10 vectors.
However, we still assume in the following that the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption is infinite.
In this case, indeterminacy may arise from compositional changes in outputs without too much affecting the output of consumption.
With the equilibrium growth rate fixed from the consumption side, this trade-off ceases to exist in the small open economy. 18.
As it is clear from equation (6), the consumption-savings decision can be analyzed independently from the portfolio choice problem.
By following this rule, we increase the opportunities for a sustained level of consumption per capita in the future.
In particular, there are no reliable data on income and consumption.
Figures 7 and 8 show the time path of aggregate consumption and aggregate asset holdings.
The traditional consumption-function tests have an advantage in this regard.
The economy has a representative individual whose utility is a function of consumption.
We assume that household utility is additively separable in the utility of private consumption and the utility of government consumption. 17.
Empirical evidence indicates that wages and consumption rise in response to positive aggregate demand shocks.
We allow the imported goods to enter both aggregate consumption and aggregate investment.
To stay within his budget constraint, the individual is assumed to cut his consumption after the policy switch.
Unfortunately the general pattern is that increases in consumption imply increasing imports rather than local production.
The natural conclusion is that improvement along the asset-pricing dimension requires some technology that breaks the link between the pricing kernel and consumption growth.
In the models investigated in this research, the stochastic discount factor is equal to the consumption growth rate.
Therefore, an additional mechanism, which prevents easy consumption smoothing, must be put in place.
Version 1 overpredicts the volatility of employment, and incorrectly predicts that output and consumption are negatively autocorrelated.
Once the shock ends, real consumption reaches definitively a lower steady-state level.
Levels of habits and real consumption are lower than at the initial steady state.
A finance constraint links the change in government debt to the difference between government consumption and net revenue.
With the consumption tax essentially operating as a lump-sum tax, the issue of time inconsistency does not arise.
However, it allows us to account for both the long-run persistence of consumption and for the durability effect in the short run.
In other words, the intertemporal complementarities in consumption decisions must be higher in order to obtain indeterminacy, since labor supply is less responsive.
In particular, we propose a cash-in-advance model with habit persistence and local durability in consumption decisions.
Thus, consumers have to choose between consumption, environmental quality, and leisure.
Such dynamics emerge because households wish to maintain their new higher standard of living induced by a greater purchasing power in terms of consumption goods.
At the steady state, the stationary real consumption must coincide with the consumption experience level. 12.
Consumption is less volatile than output and investment is on average roughly three times more volatile than output.
First, we employ the log-linear approximation to generate 1,000 time-series of 200 periods each for consumption, investment, capital, employment, and output.
The model seriously overpredicts the volatility of consumption and employment, while it underpredicts the volatility of investment.
The third and fourth terms represent the intertemporal speculation effect that affects respectively investment and consumption decisions.
The instantaneous utility function, u(c, l), is assumed to be monotonically increasing in consumption and decreasing in labor.
Note that he cares about the bequest left to his child but not about his child's consumption.
Moreover, it improves the distribution of consumption significantly.
One may suppose that ct+1 includes the consumption of her child. 18.
The representative household maximizes expected lifetime utility of consumption subject to a sequence of budget constraint.
He receives capital income and social security benefits, and makes decisions on consumption and asset holding for the next period.
If consumption and leisure are normal goods, the intratemporal efficiency condition forces consumption to decrease.
In this section, we replicate our analysis with consumption measured by nondurables only.
The solutions to this problem can be used to represent consumption allocation processes, investment and consumption processes, as well as asset price processes.
Though not shown in the table, this serial correlation appears in consumption, investment, and hours as well.
Further, shocks to the intermediation process, acting through the substitution between investment and consumption, create excess volatility of the capital stock.
Replacing a stochastic parameter with its expected value would lead to erroneous data on average consumption.
In the model, therefore, consumption and income are equivalent.
There are 12 social insurance regime steady states defined by the minimum guaranteed consumption.
Each steady state is denoted by a ratio of its minimum guaranteed consumption to the average steady state consumption.
The current consumptions of energy by buildings and projected future consumptions indicate unsustainable buildings.
Along the equilibrium path, net consumptions are the same in the two cases.
The weights of the tasks can be used to represent their resource consumptions.
In the literature, eliminating such extra consumptions has been addressed by the introduction of more general augment combinators.
Furthermore, the environment with low income correlation and high income volatility gives individual consumptions that are relatively weakly correlated with aggregate income.
The problem is that extra consumptions must be introduced to process the subexpressions introduced by the substitution.
Numerically, there will be lotteries over promised utility points in the full-information regime if the grid over net consumptions is too coarse. 12.
However, for the models with low income correlation, the correlation between the consumptions by agents with the largest stockholdings with the equity return is larger.
Another major concern for the hotel must be their energy and water consumptions.
When one looks at the spread of specific energy consumptions for various buildings it is very difficult to separate out useful energy savings from the statistical noise.
Finally, we assume that commodity and environmental consumptions are separable and that welfare consequences of reforms are the sum of the welfare effects in commodity markets and environmental health damages.
We proceed (without formal proof) under the assumption that an equilibrium to this economy exists and that the equilibrium prices and consumptions are time-invariant functions of the state vector.
In addition to having more than one agent and more than one asset, consumptions and asset prices in our model are determined jointly in general equilibrium.
A good example could be the way in which some governments try to restrict sales of alcohol or tobacco products through imposing very high rates of taxation on their consumptions.
According to the argument, welfare economics comparisons bear only on changes in either the physical variables, such as individual consumptions, or the technological parameters, such as the firms' production possibilities.
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.