| 词汇 | example_english_virus |
| 释义 | Examples of virusThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Their cells are far more complex than those of viruses, but they are still relatively simple. A second question concerns whether both viruses can simultaneously infect a single neuron. Similarly, our current knowledge is limited regarding the extent to which wild plant populations are affected by herbicides, insects, or viruses. However, prolonged treatments may result in the inactivation of viruses. Also, the presence of bacteriophages in drinking water and subsequently in natural biofilms may not predict the presence of pathogenic viruses. In this case, the core sample goes through a transit centre where viruses are detected and where sanitation eventually takes place, whenever necessary. Blood cultures and tests for viruses (including cytomegalovirus), mycoplasma and pneumocystis proved negative. Another type of vector is based on oncolytic viruses. The properties of these rotavirus antibodies, particularly whether they are able to neutralise the viruses, remain uncertain. Viral-based vector gene therapy takes advantage of the natural ability of viruses to infect cells and have their genes expressed by the host cells. Thus, we can and should use these viruses as genetic tools to dissect the complex cellular events that regulate cell migration and morphology. At the time of writing this article, techniques for detecting viruses in environmental samples are still in an early stage of development. The viruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral route from person to person, and also by contaminated food and water. As obligate parasites viruses are dependent on their hosts but their origins seem to deviate from that of cellular life. The molecular methods used in this study showed that surveillance of these respiratory viruses can be conducted and may help in the management of patients. Our lab is using viruses of hyperthermophilic organisms to elucidate these limits, and the adaptations of life needed for survival in extreme environments. Seven different genotypes of lyssaviruses are generally recognized with the classical rabies viruses assigned to genotype 1 [18-21]. However, survival times of excreted viruses and protozoa may be long enough to cause a health risk in schemes for wastewater use. Finally, grazing animals or parasitic viruses or microorganisms can limit photon interception and use. The main results from recent work presented below are illustrated by examples covering the complete range from the benchmark protein lysozyme to viruses. Both viruses cause subclinical infections in laboratory mice that are more than 24 h old. The most likely explanation, as has been previously suspected [17], is that the two viruses are transmitted by the same vectors. The likelihood deals largely with the ability for viruses to survive and adapt in conditions different from the extreme habitats they are suited to. By extrapolation of the data reported here, intra-stadial transmission may provide a means of supporting amplification and persistence of highly virulent tick-borne viruses. Rabbits infected with viruses from the third group generally did not show serious clinical signs of disease and only one rabbit died of myxomatosis. Both viruses showed high levels of variation in transmission between districts within the same province, particularly in areas of intermediate transmission. The duration, severity and costs of illness linked to viruses were less than those linked to bacteria. Human beings living in the different regions of our planet share all the diseases of that area, the ensemble of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Results showed that bats were less susceptible than mice to the genotype 5 viruses and that incubation periods were longer. Available data indicate that viruses of extreme environments can be very differnt from other viruses. Our approach provides the basis for using semantics-based techniques to analyse the propagation of worms and viruses. Thus, viruses entering the tick midgut are exposed to different environmental conditions compared with those existing in, for example, the mosquito midgut. During replication, viruses are found in the cell cytoplasm but immunofluorescent staining also reveals nucleolar fluorescence. Different viruses are transmitted by different species of a large variety of haematophagous arthropods. At least 5 other related viruses are known. However, there will still be the need for field studies to understand how these viruses survive in nature. Lectins are ubiquitous proteins which are likely present in all eukaryotic and many bacterial species as well as in some viruses. Although bacteria do not form crystalline structures, many viruses do. Possible preventative strategies should be explored, including vaccination programmes against neurotropic viruses identified as being associated with cerebral palsy. The viruses procure their membranes during this process and mature particles 'pinch off' from the cellular membranes. Specificity with minimal adverse effects is strength of technology; drawbacks include genetic variation in viruses and undeveloped delivery systems. Sib-infection experiments were carried out to test the relative effects of selfing and outcrossing on the infection of progeny with parental viruses. They are not primitive organisms : in suitable environments (inside of host cells) viruses replicate efficiently, and they can evolve and adapt to new environments (hosts). Neurotropic viruses have an advantage over other contemporary methods in that they are able to replicate within neuronal cell bodies and spread to connected neurons. Whether the frequency of these viruses increased in our vaccinated study population cannot be determined, nor can their effect on vaccine efficacy. Is the gene pool of influenza viruses in shorebirds and gulls different from that in wild ducks ? All laboratory tests for other bacterial pathogens and viruses were negative. The first step of my research is to create viruses lacking functional integrase genes to determine if the gene is necessary for viral replication. The morphology and morphogenesis of these viruses show similarities with the influenza viruses. The estimates for actual losses due to pathogens, viruses, animal pests and weeds worldwide totalled 14, 7, 11 and 8 %, respectively. Possible prolonged environmental survival of small round structured viruses. Analysis of within- and between-age-group transmission rates suggested that mumps transmission tends to be more concentrated within young children than the other two viruses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in biophysical virology, presenting experimental and theoretical studies on the physical properties of viruses. The role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Small round structured viruses : airborne transmission and hospital control. Even when the development of attenuated viruses reduced the danger of accidental outbreaks, eradication might still not be a safe option. Three weeks later mice were boosted with the same dose of viruses. The extent of contamination of natural biofilms may vary greatly and depends on the presence of viruses in the initial drinking water. Although all blood is checked for blood-borne viruses, there is no recall system to inform donors of their possible infectious status. At the same time, maximum indentation is similar for all four viruses above, about 20-30 % of capsid height. The genomic tag hypothesis : modern viruses as molecular fossils of ancient strategies for genomic replication, and clues regarding the origin of protein synthesis. In the densely populated (and highly interdependent) information landscape of the biosphere, viruses and other informational parasites are inevitable. The viruses are attenuated so as to be infectious but unable to replicate. At the other three sites viruses were isolated over a period of 10-12 weeks. In some instances, viruses were only isolated on a single day. Nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses (update). The number of tests performed for these three viruses differed because of specimen availability. They reported no evidence of active infection with these viruses in any patient or control. Members of this genetic group showed 92 % sequence homology with the vaccine viruses used in the country. The sequences were compared with each other and reference viruses. Later studies [3] report the serological and molecular characterization of some of the viruses isolated. Many studies argue that the antibody loss rates differ with vaccine strains and study areas where wild rubella viruses circulate [3, 4]. None of the aa substitutions detected in early isolates was conserved in viruses isolated late in the course of infection. Various species of wild birds, especially waterfowl such as mallards, constitute an important reservoir of avian influenza viruses. We suggest that low-reactivity viruses may have an advantage over other co-circulating variants under some circumstances characterized by enhanced immunity-mediated selection and high infection pressure. Another important assessment of inhibitor specificity is selection and genetic characterisation of drug-resistant mutant viruses. The viruses are transmitted by the oral - faecal route by person-to-person contact. Consequently, viruses that affect cell quiescence might benefit from both optimal replication status and enhanced local dissemination of particles via cell movement. In infectious diseases, for example, constant readjustments within changing physical environments occur between pathogenic agents such as micro-organisms and viruses and their human hosts. Detection of viruses and insecticideresistance in sugar beet aphids caught in suction traps. First, the interactions that take place between viruses and biofilms are determined by their surface characteristics and involve electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions. We would recommend that a few centres are funded to deal with such outbreaks of infectious diseases, and not only those due to bloodborne viruses. One important application of this framework is the modelling of computer worms and viruses. The economic cost of viruses is already incalculable and rising. Even with these challenges there are countless viruses that thrive in the biosphere. Moreover, the details of protein-nucleic acid interplay is essential for understanding the action of viruses. Therefore, the host cell colonization strategy of the nematode appears to be similar to that of viruses and other micro-organisms. Under challenged conditions from bacteria, viruses, or physical and chemical stressors, proinflammatory genes are activated and their encoded proteins expressed. What role, if any, did viruses have in the period when life began and shortly afterward. Nevertheless, transcription and presumably regulation appear to be similar in the viruses. Based on the behaviour and importance of viruses for astrobiology, we believe that they should be included in the search for extraterrestrial life. Are the modern viruses relicts of early life left behind from some developmental point between the vesicle and the first actual cell ? Active surveillance in the community setting has also identified these viruses in up to one third of individuals with lower respiratory symptoms [9]. Faecal contamination of the salad at source was the most probable explanation for the diversity of viruses detected and characterized. Gastroenteric viruses in a foodborne outbreak cleaning of toilet facilities with particular attention to door handles and segregation of toilets for affected personnel. As a result, ticks are not only vectors but also excellent reservoir hosts for the viruses they carry. As mentioned above, vertical transmission is common among tickborne viruses but occurs at an apparently low level. The survival strategy of ticks is important for the survival of the viruses they transmit. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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