| 词汇 | example_english_utterance |
| 释义 | Examples of utteranceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. There is always a history to words and utterances. After some weeks or months of one word at a time, they graduate to longer utterances as they express more complex meanings. They are theories about products, not theories about the processes used in producing and understanding utterances. All one can observe is the actual use of utterances; and from such observations one may infer some underlying structure. Constraints on bilingual children's code-mixing who produced mixed utterances across more than one time interval produced violations at each time interval. The task may be regarded as more complex when the utterances contain more words. Here the judgment was made regardless of the way in which the materials were handled or treated, or any utterances that the child made. In our analysis, it is not the relationship between two utterances that is constrained, but the relationship between two pragmatic sources. She describes a situation where a child labels pictures in a book and the adult repeats the child's utterances. Such structures were commonly produced by the bilingual children as soon as they constructed utterances of that length. The non-target utterances that the children had formed by conjoining the subparts of the target system became incompatible with the longer input structures. Percentage maze use represents the overall percentage of utterances with mazes in the child's sample. However, they also had significantly more utterances in their samples, and thus more opportunities for the use of complex sentences. An alternative interpretation of such utterances could be a failure of movement and a filling of the postverbal position with lexical material. The children's utterances were coded for the informational status of any referring expressions using four categories: full noun, pronoun, null, and no response. Next, the number of incorrect utterances was examined. Isolated utterances have been divorced from their context, a practice which is unpardonable in the history of ideas. The omitted utterances were not raam encodable, and were not used in srn training. He is adept at communicating, using a mixture of single-word utterances and pantomime. In general, we cannot assure formal properties in the utterances of a grammar. Outside a certain distance between utterances, the coherence drops off and is highly scattered. Moreover, verbs should be most frequent in maternal utterances that prompt the child to perform an action. Sub-analyses were also conducted on disyllabic utterances for comparisons with previous literature. Results for disyllabic utterances revealed a similar pattern. Rather, we considered this percentage merely the percentage of relevant utterances for which the children selected the -ing inflection. The first category comprised single phrase utterances, minimally containing a preposition and a noun. My reasoning was that for children implicitly ' keeping track ' of the evaluative contexts of ' happen ', either partner's utterances would be important. Most of the ' happen ' utterances were of this type. Altogether 3523 utterances were analysed for the controls. Also, most single word utterances addressed to the target-child consisted of a noun. Thus, even the youngest participants were able to process the critical events and utterances of the stories. Second, it offers no developmental scenario for how children move beyond this rhythmic constraint to produce full adult-like utterances. She only produced 221 spontaneous utterances across the three contexts used to elicit language samples, during which she produced the verbs forget and know spontaneously. No significant differences were found in the number of utterances whose topic was an animal or action based on familiarity. The proportion of topic utterances that contained the experimental label was also examined. Excluded from the present analysis were all nonspontaneous utterances produced by the children. Both correlations were non-significant : 0n02 between maternal ratings and number of generics, and k0n01 between maternal ratings and percentage of utterances that were generic. To summarise, the present study examines the distribution of generic utterances relative to non-generic utterances. Many of the spontaneous productions, however, were as single word utterances. All three children were fully able to understand both languages at ageappropriate levels and could produce spontaneous utterances in both languages before recording commenced. When all of the observed utterances are considered, gaze patterns used with the two languages become even more distinct. Pointing gestures and responses, yes\o gestures and responses, imitations, unintelligible utterances, and utterances that included a participant that was not visible were excluded. When both dimensions are considered simultaneously, it appears that there are several types of directive utterances. The children gazed at their communication partners only at the ends of their utterances, when they looked at them at all. All the other forms without any specification were produced in what apparently were spontaneous utterances. I begin with a summary of total number of utterances (that are included in the analysis) in each context in the two languages. Only those utterances produced during shared attention episodes were retained in each protocol. At a most fundamental level, the work does not tell us whether generics are conceptually distinct from non-generic utterances. The one-year-old was not yet producing words, and the twenty-month-old was producing 2-3 morpheme utterances. Only about 12.5% of those contexts contained comparative or contrastive information, regardless of the age of the person to whom utterances were addressed. Crossing boundaries : more evidence for phonological constraints on early multi-word utterances. Ten percent of all utterances were re-coded by the first author and a point-by-point comparison was made with a second coder. Thus, reproductive feedback was contingent on the type of the children's utterances. An analysis of maternal responding confirmed this pattern, showing a distinct difference in reproductiveness in responding depending on the word-like-ness of the child utterances. The proportion of naming-oriented utterances was similar between the two groups in the first play session. No child produced utterances of both of these types. The analysis of data on volubility, as indicated by utterances per minute, was restricted to the first 35 utterances in each sample. Surprisingly, there were no utterances in which a child combined a novel noun with another noun from her existing vocabulary. There were no relationships between quantity, diversity or complexity of parent talk and the proportion of utterances that were eliciting. The child would only begin to acquire the boundary-dependent durational patterns when he or she begins to string words together into multiword utterances. Of the 1,462 utterances that were analyzed, 1,199 (82%) were monosyllabic. From the first 100 complete and intelligible utterances of each speech sample, only those utterances which contained a lexical verb were selected. Finally, all utterances were assigned to one of five tone length and stress pattern categories. They mostly consisted of one-noun utterances, which greatly predominated over multi-noun utterances in all three age groups. Nouns did receive more prominence with respect to occurrence as single-word utterances, and with respect to an emphasis on naming-oriented utterances. The increased saliency of words used as single-word utterances, and words occurring in final position, has been hypothesized to facilitate their acquisition. Approximately one third of the syllables were from multiword utterances. Table 1 shows the numbers of frozen phrases, intermediate and constructed utterances up to the point at which each child had 25 constructed patterns. At this point the children had a mean of 300 multiword utterances (range 207-402) including those coded as frozen. Finally, the percentage of multi-argument utterances was calculated. The overall rates of reformulation after erroneous utterances were very similar across all five children and across the two languages. Adults produced reformulations for all the error types we examined, at rates that were significantly higher than the rates for their replays after conventional utterances. We selected four types of two-word utterances which are attested at 2 ; 0 and continue to be produced throughout the three next months. The first 50 spontaneous and fully intelligible utterances were omitted to approximate warm-up periods in each sample. Whole or partially unintelligible utterances, imitations, self-repetitions and routine utterances were not used in any of the analyses reported in this paper. Additionally, in related utterances, the adults spoke directly to the child as evidenced by their chosen words, eye gaze, body orientation, and gestures. A total of 54 utterances were analysed for temporal reliability. Several related utterances occurred beyond the temporal boundary of 4.25 seconds and several unrelated utterances occurred within that boundary. All complete child and adult utterances containing a verb were included in the coding. If we are generous in deciding what utterances involve transfer, the cue validity of the construction is markedly higher than the cue validity for verbs. Only level 1 utterances which contain descriptions (informatives, directives with description, some corrections and utterances related to previous turns) can be considered for further coding. The main categories (informative utterances, simple directives and directives with description) reached 40% of the total number of the utterances produced by the speakers. However, over half of these informative utterances did not give precise data about the referents involved in the search of the treasure. Figure 3 illustrates the mechanism by which generated utterances are produced. Each of these input sets consisted of approximately 30,000 utterances. Both single and multiword negation utterances were included, even though the study is limited to the development of multiword utterances in the child's speech. The second aim of the study is to investigate the development of a specific group of utterances in detail. Only utterances which were complete (uninterrupted), intelligible, comprehensible and spontaneous were analysed. In cases of uncertainty the default decision was to consider these utterances as cases of vocative with verb, and not subject with verb. One important reason is the overextension of these utterances in use (whether syntactically, semantically, or pragmatically). Private speech also occurred after other students' choral utterances were addressed by the teacher. However, such utterances occur in restricted pragmatic contexts, which children need to learn. The correlation between spread of verbal utterances and reduction of nonverbal negative constructions may be detected in the longitudinal data as well. Stage 3 is characterized by the diffusion of the standard preverbal particle non along with the growing amount of verbal utterances. The pay-off for keeping the children truthful was that their utterances could be interpreted seriously. They split the reintroduction of the girl and the information about her being put into the police van into two utterances. Only 4 of the 50 explicitly modalized main structure utterances in the lampbuilding task belong to this category. The number of explicitly modalized main structure utterances is limited (12% - 31%), and the greater part of the main structure utterances is only implicitly modalized. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。