| 词汇 | example_english_serum |
| 释义 | Examples of serumThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. All 31 cases provided acute sera, 19 provided convalescent sera and 14 had viral throat/nose swabs taken. Two sera gave non-specific fluorescence that could not be interpreted. A week after the last dose of antigen, jirds were bled from the retro-orbital plexus and immune sera were isolated. The rabbits were bled before the immunizations, and the sera obtained were used for control studies. Statistical analysis of results from all sera has previously demonstrated that this seven-band pattern was significantly correlated with a toxocaral infection. The wells were incubated for 2 h at room temperature with diluted human sera. None of the other sera with toxocariasis, paragonimiasis, filariasis and malaria, and the ten control sera from normal parasite-free individuals produced a positive blue dot. To assess potential cross-reactivity, sera from individuals (n 1⁄4 40) with parasitic diseases (leprosy, malaria, ascariasis) other than filariasis were used. They reported negative results when the patients' own sera or other patients' sera were used. As for the older individuals, sample no. 32 lost binding activity towards chimeric protein no. 9, but most sera did not. In total, 4943 (48n9 %) sera were from males and 5175 (51n1 %) from females. The search for gastrointestinal nematode vaccine candidates has so far been based largely on immunoscreening with sera from infected animals. No correlation was found, however, between endemicity and specific antibody levels in positive sera. Again, pre-immune sera as a negative control did not show any reaction (data not shown). A bacterially expressed recombinant protein was highly reactive to the sera of patients with clonorchiasis. Moreover, paired acute and convalescent sera of the patients and sera from control subjects were not tested. We compared the sera of two groups (f11 years and o12 years) with respect to their ability to bind to each chimeric protein. Controls with the pre-immune sera (also diluted 1:1000) were also carried out. Similar problems concerning monovalent or polyvalent sera had also arisen for dysentery sera. While this situation favored the interests of a free market, it risked allowing low-quality or even dangerous sera to enter the market. Not all sera were tested with all serotypes. Known naive and positive (hyperimmune) sera were included in every test plate. After bleeding, blood samples from each group of mice were pooled and centrifuged to obtain sera. Thus, altogether 24 sera reacted with fourfold or higher titres to one of the two viruses. The 164 sera had been taken at a median of 9.5 days after onset of rash (range 1-52 days). Ideally a population-based random sample of sera should be collected. The specificity of the antigen pools was tested with known positive sera from previous studies. The standard was given an arbitrary antibody unitage and the results obtained with test sera are presented as log antibody units. In case of two or more sera tested from one animal the mean of all test-values was calculated. In addition, 168 (11.3 %) sera produced borderline results. The presence of antiviral antibodies in mouse sera (seroprevalence) was recorded as a binary response (present or absent) for each mouse. Serological identification was performed using the slide agglutination technique with shigella antisera (polyvalent and type-specific sera) [6, 7]. In this study, the sera were tested immediately after the survey. One of the pools consisted of 13 human sera drawn from conscripts in the study population immediately prior to the influenza vaccination in autumn 1998. Another similar pool consisted of 11 sera taken 5 weeks post-vaccination. When both were available, acute and convalescent sera were tested in parallel. Seropositivity increased with age, with 83 % of sera positive by ages 10 -14 years. Background activities were thereby reduced but not completely removed in nearly all 19 sera (data not shown). The mean number of sera per patient/ episode was 2.97 (range of 2-3). Two dilutions of sera (1 : 500, 1 : 1500) are shown. Essentially the same results were obtained when whole sera were used. Such a result seems to suggest that intestinal antibody responses to surface antigens are less stage specific than those observed in sera. The sera were obtained by the method described above. In both methods used, the antibodies of repeatedly bitten animals detected specific salivary antigens in dilutions of sera 1 : 500 -1500. The sera were collected from the rabbits 1 week after infection and at weekly intervals for up to 9 weeks. The working dilution of sera was 1 : 50. None of the other 60 sera with gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, filariasis, paragonimiasis, cysticercosis and malaria and the 20 normal control sera showed a positive blue dot. The normal control group of sera was obtained from ten healthy adults who were negative for any parasitic infection at the time of blood collection. No reactive bands were shown using pooled sera from nonimmunized mice (fig. 3). The specificity of these criteria in paired sera of control patients with respiratory infection of other aetiology (n=58) was 96 % [25]. Unfortunately, however, the next sera in this study were obtained at 90 days, by which time all the dying bats had succumbed. Initially all sera were screened at a single final dilution of 1 :10. Using the same sera, these experiments were performed independently by two technicians. However, older children were more likely to have high-titre sera compared to adolescents, which corresponds to the observed age distribution of cases in low-coverage countries. Both assays correctly identified the plague patient sera but the intensity of the signals in the two assays could not be correlated. Approximately equal numbers of sera from males and females were tested. Following the blood draw, sera were separated, frozen and stored at the facility. Initially, 27 sera from animals between 3 months and 5 years-old, were received. None of the control sera presented a positive reaction with any of the peptides tested (data not shown). The following experiments confirmed that sera from cats contained comparable amounts of the components of the complement classical pathway as swine or rabbit sera. Determination of circulating hydatid antigens in the sera of patients with hydatidosis and their diagnostic significance. Bacterially expressed recombinant protein exhibited a specific antibody reaction with clonorchiasis sera. The finding of values comparable with those detected in female sera supports the hypothesis that the polypeptide is not produced inside the follicle. A total of 58 follicular samples and 13 sera were analysed. Controls using preimmune sera and immune sera on epididymal spermatozoa were also carried out. The detection in human sera of antibodies against ribosomal proteins has been traditionally associated with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus. In rats however they are seen in early infection and membrane-vaccination sera. The amplified library was screened with 1 : 1000 dilutions of rabbit immune sera. All sera were labelled with a reference number, and tests were conducted anonymously. Two methods of sampling were used : population based random sampling and use of residual sera collected during routine laboratory testing. Subjects' sera within each age-group were matched with an equivalent number of consecutive sera received for diagnosis of another illness or for routine pre-operative testing. The sera were divided into retentates and ®ltrates which were tested separately. The appropriate dilution of sera and reaction time of substrates were determined. Statistical analysis of results from all sera has previously demonstrated that these seven-band patterns were significantly correlated with cases of toxocariasis. The enzyme showed 57% inhibition by jird anti-somatic collagenase antibodies and reacted insignificantly with normal jird sera. In contrast, none of the 60 sera from patients with other parasitic infections and 20 normal individuals yielded positive test results under these conditions. The results revealed 27 and 22 antigenic polypeptides when somatic extracts and metabolic products respectively were treated with hyperimmune sera raised against metabolic antigens. Blood samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 1800 g to separate the sera. All sera were collected during the period 1986 -1990. In addition, 80 sera (0.86 %) exhibited an atypical positive reaction. The material comprised sera from 140 patients : 36 culture-confirmed cases, 15 with serological evidence of meningococcal disease and 89 without meningococcal disease. Six sera (1 %) showed atypical positive test results. Laboratories were asked to contribute sera that had been submitted for diagnostic testing and would otherwise have been discarded. Dilutions of the sera were allowed to react with the coating antigen. All sera for which the result was equivocal were retested. The duration of this maternally derived immunity was determined experimentally from sera of unvaccinated children. Given the comprehensive diagnostic service that each offers, substantial differences between laboratories regarding the reasons for which sera were submitted are unlikely. The sera were collected at 7, 30 and 73 days post immunization and used in the present study. Two approaches were taken to designate sera as seropositive or seronegative. Delay in diagnosis also limits the utility of paired sera to detect an antibody rise. Overall, of 2331 sera tested, 305 (13 %) were seropositive. None of 31 sera from prepubescent children was positive. Saving tests by pooling sera - how great are the benefits ? However, the force of infection estimates for older children from this study are imprecise, because only 15 sera from this age group were negative. All sera were sampled, stored and tested under identical conditions. The number of sera collected per country ranged from 2766-8303. The sources of sera used have been described previously. The fifth section draws on a compendium published in 1906 outlining state control of sera to analyze standardization practices. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。