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词汇 example_english_quark
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Examples of quark


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Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of "pentaquarks" exotic baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark.
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Baryons, along with mesons, are hadrons, meaning they are particles composed of quarks.
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Mesons are part of the hadron particle family, defined simply as particles composed of quarks.
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The phenomenon of uncertainty takes a quizzical glimpse at quarks and a world in constant flux.
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One simple solution exists: if at least one of the quarks of the standard model is massless, becomes unobservable; i.e. it vanishes from the theory.
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Thus, the sum of the quarks' spin was expected to be equal to the proton's spin.
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Physicists expected that the quarks carry all the proton spin.
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They are baryons containing no up or down quarks.
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Protons carry quarks, but the electroweak theory was concerned only with the electrons and neutrinos, with nothing postulated about quarks.
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Sea quarks are much less stable than their valence counterparts, and they typically annihilate each other within the interior of the hadron.
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Studies of heavier quarks are conducted in artificially created conditions, such as in particle accelerators.
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In the supersymmetry theory of particle physics, ordinary quarks and leptons have scalar partners that carry baryon and lepton numbers.
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His calculation showed that these contributions lead to an interaction between light quarks at low energies not present in the normal theory.
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Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarksup quarks and down quarksnow considered elementary particles.
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In these, gluons that bind quarks together confer most of the particle mass.
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The internal dynamics of the proton are complicated, because they are determined by the quarks' exchanging gluons, and interacting with various vacuum condensates.
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There are two types of quarks in atoms, each having a fractional electric charge.
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There would be three kinds of leptoquarks made of the leptons and quarks of each generation.
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Since the area will be proportional to the separation of the quarkantiquark pair, free quarks are suppressed.
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If at least one of the quarks of the standard model is massless, becomes unobservable; i.e. it vanishes from the theory.
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The particles being seen in the ever-more-powerful accelerators were, according to the theory, typically nothing more than combinations of these quarks.
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In quantum chromodynamics, quarks have a kind of charge that comes in three varieties called colors.
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Unlike the up and down quarks, strange quarks are not brought into the reaction by the colliding nuclei.
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Everything from quarks to matter to energy to ideas can be looked at in this way.
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Each meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice-versa.
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All the particles that make up ordinary matter (leptons and quarks) are elementary fermions, while all the force carriers are elementary bosons.
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In other words, most of what composes the mass of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons.
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Now they are known to be composite particles, made of three quarks bound together by the so-called strong interaction.
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The current formulation was finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks.
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Top quarks are so heavy that they decay through the weak force before they can form bound states.
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As other quarks were discovered, new quantum numbers were made to have similar description of udc and udb octets and decuplets.
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The higher the mass, the lower the strangeness (the more s quarks).
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The additional particles may include quarks, antiquarks or gluons.
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In addition, current quarks possess one asymptotic freedom within the perturbation theory described limits.
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They decay to quarks and neutralinos or charginos which further decay.
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At higher masses, the vector mesons include charm and bottom quarks in their structure.
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Recognizing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one does, or is able to do.
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Therefore, it was expected that the quark's wave function is the spherically symmetric s-wave with no spatial contribution to angular momentum.
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Physicists originally expected that quarks carry all of the nucleon spin.
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Baryonic matter consists of quarks and particles made from quarks, like protons and neutrons.
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Gauge theories with quarks became a viable contender for the strong interaction in 1973 when the concept of asymptotic freedom was identified.
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Due to the top quark's shortlifetime, the theta meson is not expected to be observed in nature.
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A widely accepted theory is that the original decay produces two quarks and also a third unknown particle, dubbed the "quason".
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On one reading, this means that quarks themselves are not inevitable or determined by the nature of things.
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Since chiral perturbation theory assumes chiral symmetry, and therefore massless quarks, it can not be used to model interactions of the heavier quarks.
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Since it has many flavours of quarks, it has approximate flavour and chiral symmetry.
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On the other hand, the pion-nucleon coupling is a phenomenological constant describing the scattering of bound states of quarks and gluons.
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In the 1960s he worked on quarks and the associated unitary symmetries.
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Charm quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles made of quarks.
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Gluons hold quarks together with a force like that of electric charge, but of far greater power.
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Conversely, as the distance between quarks increases, the binding force strengthens.
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Unlike leptons, quarks possess color charge, which causes them to engage in the strong interaction.
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The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of isospin, which they carry.
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The introduction of quarks provided a cornerstone for particle physics.
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The quarks are held together by the strong interaction (or strong force), which is mediated by gluons.
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The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons.
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Therefore, one can say that the quantum of charge is "e", with the proviso that quarks are not to be included.
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Higher means a stronger bias favoring quarks over antiquarks.
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The charm quarks are observed bound with charm antiquarks in mesons.
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Because of this, particle therapy is sometimes referred to, more correctly, as hadron therapy (that is, therapy with particles that are made of quarks).
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Due to this force, quarks are confined within composite particles called hadrons.
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All quarks are assigned a baryon number of.
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The best lattice computations to date are made in the quenched approximation, which neglects virtual quarks loops.
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The newly created quarks and antiquarks pair into mesons, producing additional pions and kaons.
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The most common such process is the decay into a pair of gluons through a loop of virtual heavy quarks.
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However, unlike the case of the hydrogen atom, the individual quarks can never be isolated.
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In this study the baryon had one heavy and two light quarks.
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The virtual photon emitted by the electron is also polarized and so seeks out quarks of spin in the same direction as the photon.
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Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions.
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Preon theories require that quarks and electrons should have a finite size.
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Therefore, any strange quarks or antiquarks observed in experiments have been freshly made from the kinetic energy of colliding nuclei.
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In the simple parton model the nucleon consists of quarks and gluons and their interaction is governed by the quantum chromodynamics.
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When quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost like free particles.
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The left-handed quarks belong to a triplet representation, the right-handed to an antitriplet representation (after charge-conjugating them) and the gluons to a real adjoint representation.
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The most natural explanation for this would be that quarks and leptons of higher generations are excited states of the first generations.
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Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force-carrying particles (such as photons) between quarks and leptons.
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Both quarks and leptons are elementary particles, and are currently seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter.
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Before the discovery of quarks, hundreds of strongly interacting particles (hadrons) were known.
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Specifically, all atoms consist of electrons orbiting atomic nuclei ultimately constituted of up and down quarks.
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To a first approximation, they were indeed the already-described quarks.
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In the 1970s, it was discovered that protons and neutrons (and other hadrons) are themselves made up of smaller particles called quarks.
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Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons, or composites of smaller particles called quarks.
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However, both protons and neutrons are composite particles composed of elementary particles called quarks.
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The actual masses of these mesons are obtained in chiral perturbation theory through an expansion in the (small) actual masses of the quarks.
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The quantum field theory of the strong nuclear force is called quantum chromodynamics, and describes the interactions of subnuclear particles such as quarks and gluons.
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The matter principles are divided into two groups: the hadrons, which are composed of quarks; and the leptons, which comprise the remainder.
Although electrons are elementary, protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles known as quarks.
They think that protons and neutrons are made up from quarks and that an electron is a type of lepton.
The physical forces binding quarks will not serve.
To explain this, quarks were endowed with an attribute called color.
At this time the universe has cooled enough for the quarks to join together to form mesons and baryons.
After this amount of time the universe had cooled a sufficient amount for small matter such as quarks, leptons and photons, to form.
The basic components of each hierarchy are atoms or their constituent elementary particles which are composed of quarks.
Atomic scientists now believe that elementary particles called quarks and leptons are the building blocks from which most matter is made.
Electrons are thought to be elementary particles, but we can take protons and neutrons a stage further with the discovery that they are composed of elementary-type quarks.
The strong interactions between the quarks are supposed to be carried by spin-1 particles called gluons, rather like the particles that carry the weak interaction.
A consideration of the magic numbers indicates a quark-shell structure of nuclei.
Put a diamond in one chamber of the machine, and the device will produce in another chamber a perfect duplicate right down to the last quark and electron.
In my opinion, a better analogy would be with subatomic physics and quarks.
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These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
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