| 词汇 | example_english_methylation |
| 释义 | Examples of methylationThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. However, antisense transcripts were still present after deletion and found to originate from other regions of maternal methylation. Our observations suggest an association between separation of parental chromosomes and differential activities of methylation and demethylation during early embryonic development of the mouse. However, the exact mechanism and function of methylation changes in such processes are substantially unknown. The methylation sites that survive are part of the imprinting process, passing maternal and paternal information to the final germ cell populations. Hypo-methylation results in the permanent overexpression of genes and is a feature of both aging25 and malignant cells. Importantly, increased methylation was also detectable in numerous premalignant lesions. A methylation assay with high specificity and sensitivity was developed, and a panel of breast tissue samples (n 175) was characterized for methylation status. In eutherians, differential methylation of cis-regulatory regions is predominant. Paramutation of the r1 locus of maize is associated with increased cytosine methylation. Imprinted methylation and its effect on expression of the mouse zfp127 gene. Here we used two drugs known to be involved (besides their side effects) in disturbance of the normal process of methylation status maintenance. Such alterations are mediated by methylation processes that are triggered by environmental events. Methylation has indeed been shown to accompany gene silencing in most of the mammalian, plant and filamentous fungal examples. In addition to genetic changes, epigenetic alterations including methylation or imprinting could also lead to the somatic inactivation of candidate tumour suppressor genes. In mature oligodendrocytes, the expression of inhibitory molecules is silenced by additional epigenetic modifications, including histone methylation and chromatin compaction. If a radiation-induced chemical modification creates an unremovable methylation site, then an unintended imprint could be carried into a future organism. Asymmetry of sister chromatid methylation of preimplantation mouse embryo chromosomes as revealed by nick translation in situ. Epigenetic and genetic factors affect transgene methylation imprinting. Our data show that despite extensive global methylation levels observed in cloned male embryos, some develop to term. In addition to photoreactivation, three other putative repair mechanisms were identified including a methylation-directed mismatch repair, four oxidative damage repair enzymes, and two proteases for eliminating damaged proteins. However, the authors suggested that it was possible that such antisense transcripts exist in vivo only for a short period of time immediately preceding the methylation process. The in situ study of genome methylation during early embryogenesis with the help of restriction endonucleases. Methylation levels of maternal and paternal genomes during preimplantation development. Several modern techniques can be used to identify imprinted genes, each of w h i c h exploits the characteristics of the gene, including monoallelic expression or allele-specific methylation. Methylation of the construct by site-specific methylases before injection results in a decrease in luciferase activity. Persistent changes in gene expression characteristic of the malignant phenotype also occur with age, particularly as a result of changes in the degree of methylation of somatic genes. Imprinting is the differential expression of genetic material depending on its parental origin, and is believed to occur due to the selective inactivation of genes during gametogenesis by methylation. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. The effects of 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine on chromosome structure and function: implications for methylation-associated cellular processes. A role in methylation regulation is unlikely. What causes the cancer-specific methylation changes? The authors suggested that t h i s assay might be detecting a continuing methylation defect that could be the basis of the chromosome instability observed in these cell lines. Methylation of genomes and genes at the invertebrate-vertebrate boundary. Xchromosome methylation in manifesting and healthy carriers of dystrinopathies : concordance of activation ratios among first degree female relatives and skewed inactivation as cause of the affected phenotypes. Methylation in fertilized and parthenogenetic preimplantation embryos. What is that on the cheapest forms of spirit, such as are used for methylation? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Beyond the ordinary methylation a further nauseating ingredient, pyridine, has been required to be added. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Curated information also includes other post-translational modifications, such as protein acetylation, methylation and ubiquitinylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Abnormal methylation patterns are thought to be involved in oncogenesis. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation of histones is also important for maintaining heterochromatin boundaries and a misregulation can lead to over expression or under expression of genes. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Ideally, the method used would determine the methylation status separately for each allele. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. If conversion is incomplete, the subsequent analysis will incorrectly interpret the unconverted unmethylated cytosines as methylated cytosines, resulting in false positive results for methylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The viruses promote malignant characteristics of cells by altering gene methylation, affecting gene expression and promoting or repressing cellular signal transduction pathways. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In the case of lysine methylation, three types of modifications exist: monomethylated, dimethylated, or trimethylated lysines. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The siroheme branch consists of three steps, methylation, dehydrogenation and ferrochelation, with the last step carried out by sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Upon selective methylation of 5 with sulfuric acid, phenol 6 was produced in 52% yield. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Possible covalent modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Common modifications include acetylation, methylation, or ubiquitination of lysine; methylation of arginine; and phosphorylation of serine. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Hydroelectric power facilities also create conditions where methylation occurs in the reservoir areas. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Depending on the experiment design, these regions could be transcription factor binding sites, methylation sites, etc. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Attractants increase the level of methylation, while repellents decrease it. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation with methyl iodide and a complicated reduction procedure produced camphoric acid. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation of heavy metals can also occur outside of biological systems. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Protein methylation typically takes place on arginine or lysine amino acid residues in the protein sequence. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation differences and gene expression were maintained in the offspring, depicting that epigenetic variation is inherited. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Natural agarose contains uncharged methyl groups and the extent of methylation is directly proportional to the gelling temperature. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Nowadays most suppliers offer modified trypsin where selective methylation of the lysines limits the autolytic activity to the arginine cutting sites. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Subsequent methylation of the thiol group by folates affords methionine. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Loss of that methylation can induce the aberrant expression of oncogenes, leading to cancer pathogenesis. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. His research includes investigation of hormonal control of gene regulation, and circadian rhythm, and post-translation protein modifications such as methylation and acetylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Over methylation of a chromosome can cause certain genes that are necessary for normal cell function, to become inactivated. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In addition to phosphorylation and ubiquitination, proteins can be subjected to (among others) methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, oxidation and nitrosylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Imprints are formed due to the differential methylation of paternal and maternal alleles. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The metabolic pathway to produce ergothioneine starts with the methylation of histidine to produce histidine betaine (hercynine). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Scientists demonstrated the use of single molecule real time sequencing for detecting methylation and other base modifications in a series of peer-reviewed papers in 2011. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Depending on the target site, methylation can modify histones so that different portions of chromatin are activated or inactivated. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Oppositie of this is the methylation of tumor suppressor genes. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. With this methylation, the glucose ring is finally ready to be converted into an inositol ring through inositol cyclase (6a). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Tumor methylation patterns in gene promotors have been shown to correlate positively with familial history of cancer. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The main one is acid-catalysed methylation of imidazole by methanol. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Most histone methylation occurs in the promotor region, and is similar to cytosine methylation in process and function. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation at these sites is used to regulate the binding of proteins to nucleic acids. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Also, aberrant methylation patterns are well characterized in many cancers. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Specific patterns of methylation are indicative of specific cancer types, have prognostic value, and can help to guide the best course of treatment. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. U81 acts as a guanine methylation guide and is found in intron 11 of the gas5 gene in mammals. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. By blastula stage, the methylation of the embryonic cells is complete. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Protein methylation has been most studied in the histones. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Further support comes from experiments with the same setup, using drugs that can increase or decrease methylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The compounds differ in their degree of methylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Homocysteine is an intermediate that is responsible for maintaining methylation reactions in critical metabolic processes. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Of the stereoisomers which retain activity, increasing methylation, especially full methylation to the alpha-form, increases vitamin activity. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Although transfers between these states can be achieved by purely chemical means, microorganisms can also mediate a diversity of reactions including reduction, oxidation, and methylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In green coffee beans, trigonelline is synthesized from nicotinic acid ("pyridinium-3-carboxylic acid") by methylation from methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Histone methyltransferase does so by modifying histones at certain sites through methylation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Methylation, along with histone modification, is central to imprinting. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The processes of acetylation and methylation rendered these derived aromatics lipophilic, and they were subsequently integrated into essential oils. Crucially, these methylation patterns were reversible in adulthood. In contrast to benign breast, more than two-thirds of invasive breast cancers showed a high degree of methylation. How genes are differentially marked in the germ-line, in particular the sequence properties which direct methylation, remains to be elucidated. A characteristic of imprinted genes analysed to date is the presence of allele-specific methylation, a feature that may be used in their identification. Isoprenylation\\methylation of proteins enhances membrane association by a hydrophobic mechanism. Methylation of nucleic acids is known to modulate gene expression and to participate in the mechanism of genomic imprinting. They reported that both genes were unmethylated in fetal spermatogonia, suggesting that all pre-existing methylation imprints had already been erased by this developmental stage. Interactions of alcohol with host and environmental factors, alcohol-related various procarcinogens, inherited susceptibility, and methylation have also been involved in the breast carcinogenesis. To assess the impact of promoter methylation on treatment, we compared the patients followed for more than 5 months after treatment. Tumor size has no effect on the overall frequency of methylation. No consistent down-regulation of expression of the other genes that lacked promoter methylation was detected in the same panel of specimens. Thus, allele-specific methylation patterns can be distinguished using this gene. Macromolecules are controlled through their creation and their destruction and through reversible modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitination. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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