| 词汇 | example_english_majority-rule |
| 释义 | Examples of majority ruleThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Both the mass public and elites think of democracy as promoting freedom of expression, rule of law and majorityrule (power of the people). Self-governing under majorityrule only since 1994, this country is a late political developer. Constitutionalism is often presented as a restriction on majorityrule. However, the majorityrule was only used three times. Under an absolute majorityrule, by contrast, there are not enough votes in favour to enact the measure. The political appeal of majorityrule may be decisive for both camps, holding constant the actual supermajoritarian effect of the rules. Democracy is usually defined in terms of specific institutional characteristics, most commonly as a system of government that is based on majorityrule. After votes are cast, the electoral system translates these votes into seats in a parliament that then makes policy decisions under majorityrule. But the prospect of affirmative strategic behaviour by minorities counts against the standard simple-majority scheme and makes absolute majorityrule a real alternative. Under simple majorityrule, only those present and voting are counted, so the measure passes 40-20. They rely on formal structures (simple majorityrule, federalism, written constitutions) and informal modes of interaction (culture, ideology, morale, and leadership). It is striking, however, that the political appeal of majorityrule often reasserts itself even where supermajority multipliers or other minority-veto schemes are in effect. Democracy is not simply majorityrule; majorities can tyrannize over minorities and individuals, who need protection on democratic grounds. Table 2 displays an example of such a legislature (using majorityrule for aggregation). Table 3 displays a case in which voters differently weight each issue and vote by the higher weighted sum, and aggregation is by majorityrule. After each split, clones are assigned to the new nodes using the majorityrule, and the apparent misclassification rate of the tree is calculated. A 50 % majorityrule consensus tree was generated by bootstrapping 100 times the weighted dataset, using the 90 % majorityrule consensus tree as a constraint. Input from this meeting was considered at further meetings of the working group, using the same point-by-point, majorityrule process. However, given that the traditional methods do not depend on majorityrule, this conclusion does not follow. To a considerable extent, the tension between majorityrule and constitutionalism is a conflict over time horizons. Systems of majorityrule are of limited value unless necessary public decisions are actually taken. One thinks, for example, of arguments for democratic equality couched in terms of simple majorityrule. That is, decisions are made by majorityrule and decisions over how to change the voting rule also require majority support. A second, less desirable but probably more viable, option is majorityrule with strong minority protections. The chaos theorems state that in a large society there are no bounds to majorityrule cycling. The judiciary alone stood between the individual citizen and the excessive zeal of majorityrule. The main reason for this is that the majorityrule is a very poor device in distributive justice issues. Under an absolute majorityrule, the switch makes no difference. Under absolute majorityrule, however, the measure fails, since the fifty-one vote absolute threshold is not reached. The question, then, is whether democratic participation according to majorityrule is such a crucial component of democracy. But would there be universal suffrage and majorityrule? For this to be a fact, there has to be some standard of correctness which isn't just majorityrule or something like it. The approach can also be cast as a voter referendum, with the decision rule or provision rule being the majorityrule. The search was bootstrapped 100 times and summarized in a 50 % majorityrule consensus tree. A 90 % majorityrule consensus tree was generated by bootstrapping 100 times the original dataset. This is the constitution in which decisions are made by majorityrule but where decisions over how policy decisions are made require unanimity. For example, some legislatures use majorityrule on standard legislative business but require a two-thirds majority to change its own rules. He then explores how the protection of minorities through constitutional measures may develop over time, when the constitution is amendable under majorityrule. The parties vote on the proposal, using majorityrule. This approach aims at multi-ethnic government without sacrificing the principle of majorityrule. If conflicts are minor or less clearly visible, a unicameral majorityrule will evolve. The trusting, on the other hand, gave somewhat more emphasis to majorityrule (18 per cent among the trusting, 11 per cent for the distrusting). This section briefly sets out the mechanics of majorityrule with various multiplicands; especially important is the differing effect of abstention under different rules. Majorityrule has strong political appeal even where there are good normative arguments for supermajority multipliers. If a rule is not simple majorityrule, it does not meet those standards. In particular, his comments on the status of the majorityrule are somewhat ambiguous in this regard. The absolute majorityrule avoids that cost, but exacts a price in turn by raising the cost of changing the legal status quo. Such a constitution should also seek to eliminate 'majorityrule', which was 'untenable in theory and unjustifiable in practice'. By contrast, conflicts on non-privileged dimensions are aggregated by a majorityrule, so that policy change is favourable to all chambers (as collective actors). I have argued that it is not the principle of majorityrule but the norm of citizen sovereignty that captures the fundamental ideal of democracy. By assumption, both an absolute majorityrule and a supermajority multiplier have supermajoritarian effect, relative to the baseline of a simple-majority scheme. The accompanying cost is that the absolute majorityrule makes it harder to overcome obstructionist minorities who wish only to block legislation. The absolute majorityrule gives the abstainers another option, however: defeat the measure while failing to participate. After having an exhaustive discussion, the majorityrule is used to check the outcome. A 50% majorityrule consensus tree was generated and subjected to bootstrap analysis using full heuristic searches for 100 replicates. All the legislators convene in a single body (the legislature) and use majorityrule to choose the policy outcome. Obviously, at the basic constituency level, their elections employ plurality rather than majorityrule. In these examples, the political appeal of majorityrule imposes a cost on the voters or groups who otherwise benefit from supermajority multipliers. If a rule meets those standards, it is simple majorityrule. This result stems from the principle of majorityrule combined with the formateur's agendasetting power. Observers worried that these unemployed upholders of the old order could derail political reforms and subsequent majorityrule. Suppose further that we define the group opinion on each issue and the vote winner by majorityrule. Thus, whereas majorityrule may seem a good idea with regard to today's project, it would not appear so for future projects. The conclusion, however, demonstrates the important and largely constructive role of sanctions in bringing majorityrule. Majorities constrained by politics to adopt a voting rule with minority-protecting effect might prefer the absolute majorityrule on the same grounds. Under either the simple or the absolute majorityrule, the abstainers could also defeat the measure simply by casting their votes against the measure. Assuming that the average of the probabilities exceeds one-half, then a jury, using majorityrule, has a better chance of making the correct choice than an average juror. The fact that most decisions are made on a consensual basis, or at minimum, by majorityrule of male voting members, indicates that collective needs are prioritised over individual ones. In this study, a majorityrule was used, that is, when more than 50% of the experts agreed on an option this was considered to hold true for the technology. Majorities, by contrast, want majorityrule. Under the absolute majorityrule, a majority of the whole body cannot succeed if its participation falls below the absolute threshold, no matter what supermajority results. On one hand, such a rulemaker might prefer to do so by agreeing to an absolute majorityrule, in order to produce or maintain a symbolic adherence to majority voting. This kind of shortcoming is due to the impoverished information available in the abstract framework which is suitable to applications of simple voting rules such as the majorityrule. As they argue, in a free society, as in any association of free people, the majorityrule cannot be considered an a priori legitimate or self-legitimizing decision rule. The meaning of democracy as promoting freedom is more prevalent among citizens than is the notion of democracy as providing the rule of law, or equality or majorityrule. The larger point, however, is that if the asymmetries in absenteeism are serious, one may need a very high multiplier to duplicate the majority-protecting effect of an absolute majorityrule. Guaranteed progress to majorityrule: yes, we are all agreed upon that. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Are we prepared to say that we will not insist on majorityrule now? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There was a fear on the part of the white minority of what would happen when majorityrule came. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I do not believe they can bring themselves to contemplate development towards ultimate majorityrule. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I would be satisfied if we could be certain that majorityrule would be reached within ten years. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 In the end, given time and good will, it would have been possible to arrive at a multi-racial solution and majorityrule. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I suppose that was not surprising, because some of the proposals required acceptance of a rapid transfer to majorityrule. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 For the time being, normal majorityrule cannot be accepted. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is agreement on the principle of majorityrule but disagreement about the timing. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The timescale to majorityrule has been given particular attention. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 To claim that this is unimpeded progress towards majorityrule is to alter the meaning of words. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 It is argued that majorityrule should not be accepted because it has not operated in neighbouring countries. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 And only after parity is the advance to majorityrule to be considered. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 It is not a choice between the status quo and the development of majorityrule. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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