| 词汇 | example_english_ex-ante |
| 释义 | Examples of ex anteThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Let us call this the exante solution to the rationality of deter rent threats. Unfortunately, we have little information from which to construct exante predictions of yield variability. Deploying these mechanisms is exante mutually advantageous, even if we are unhappy with the results. What has led you back to investigate exante forecasting? Put simply, incentives for political manipulation of the economy might vary across election cycles based on the incumbent party's exante prospects of electoral success. Lawmakers must perform research in advance to determine the appropriate rule to create exante. And a right which provides an exante reason is, for this reason, best analyzed in terms of its reason-providing (or justificationproviding, or argument-providing) capacity. What are needed now are ex post studies of actual outcomes rather than more exante predictions. A simple adjustment, namely, an appropriate scaling down of benefits eliminates the imbalance, but retains the exante redistribution. From this perspective, ex post assessments should be minimized and financing should be exante. In contrast, exante funds are preferable when firms have enough capital to afford these premia. However, determining this exante from current data is problematic. What settlement does is to make the one-in-thirteen exante chance of prevailing the determining factor for all plaintiffs. These stock improvements ultimately boosted the profit margins of all primary sectors, including the ones making losses exante. In this method, we use choice information to extract exante or forecast earnings to distinguish them from ex post or realized earnings. A description of the situation exante (pretest) never happened, and there was no control group. Several authors have recognized the need for exante analysis of the value of research and the additional challenges this raises. The distinction between exante and ex post assessment can but does not necessarily coincide with the moment of assessment (research proposal versus research output). The guarantee fund takes resources away from the firm exante as a premium is paid. The firm does not have resources to pay an exante premium to a guarantee fund. Calculating the value of a pension benefit payable in the future depends on a series of variables whose value is not known exante. As mentioned above, however, the direction of the relationship is not clear-cut, exante. A transparent and participatory policy-making process provides a mechanism for exante preference revelation. Here, it is in the exante interest of all embryos not otherwise created for reproduction to be part of the population of research embryos. In our setting, another case of interest is that in which the other goods are rationed exante but are chosen optimally upon residential relocation. There is no practical mutual advantage argument, even exante, for anything of real substance that involves millions of people, especially like establishing government. The analysis is that, exante, we would each be better off with government than without. Moreover, these transition probabilities reflect exante moral hazard, which is affected by the structuring of contracts. This gives her an incentive to institutionalize her control, exante, via administrative procedures. The lack of a perfect fit between the exante legal rule and the circumstances of individual cases may create social losses. Specific investments are a major determinant of path-dependent comparative advantage and hence of the dichotomy between counterfactual exante efficiency and factual ex post efficiency. This hypothesis predicts that the pre-election surge in personal income growth is a monotonic decreasing function of the incumbent government's exante re-election prospects. In a class action, exante, plaintiffs each have an equal share in the one-in-thirteen chance of recovering. The question, in other words, is whether an exante increased chance of benefit is in and of itself a benefit. When agents are identical exante, however, restricting dividend payments intensifies aggregate fluctuations. In fact, there are some important elements in the choice between exante and ex post payments to the fund. However, taking the exante premium as given the firm has no incentive to fund its pension. The effects of other limitations of the model are unclear, exante. Without loss of generality, assume that the central bank writes identical contracts with each of the (exante) identical banks. Note, however, that (7) is not an exante restriction on intermediary behavior. We could pursue this question by the laborious method of doing for ex post views what we just did for exante views. This assumption is quite artificial, because diversification is an exante strategy, while coping is done ex post. In this phase of the policy cycle, theoretical studies, (international) comparative studies, and ex ante evaluations are common types of research designs. So moving to the exante framework gets defenders of the interest theory nowhere. The benefits of issuing the threat outweigh its costs from an exante perspective, and the threat is rational to issue. In any case, a range that includes 0.20 almost surely encompasses the upper support of the distribution of exante personal-account premia. It is merely that the following of a rule increases the exante likelihood of such actual value being created. In many cases, the estimated parameters are used for calculating exante nitrogen fertilization recommendations. Concerning this last point, the set up used here probably better describes the diversification case, because it is an exante strategy. A policy-making process which does not permit such exante debate is more prone to ex post obstruction of implementation by potential losers. However, the potential for innovation is very difficult to assess exante. Second, the total number of both cultivated and uncultivated plots is added to capture potential diversification effects of exante risk management. These reports provide estimates of development (exante) and implementation (ex post) costs and the amount of expected funding to be received for the project. As we need a measure of exante risk, we do not use conventional inputs in our regression. It is easy to see that the above formulations of utilitarianism and prioritarianism are exante views. For exante risk adjustment, these changes need to be accounted for. The political entrepreneur is essentially pro-active, identifying and promoting policies that she believes will be appreciated ex post rather than preferred exante. A pension fund policy can be said to be exante fair for future generations when the economic value of the funding residue remains unchanged. However, our fund is more general in that we are considering both exante and ex post funding. It is a particularly powerful barrier to intelligence sharing because of the difficulties inherent in determining exante if a partner has defected. The point is therefore not to define exante those categories, but to consider these categories and their limits as objects to investigate. We calculated the players' exante utilities for each path. We would like to make two points about the arguments describing the liability lottery as exante fair. Taxes should be predictable indeed, because people should be allowed to calculate the costs of their economic activities exante and make their relevant choices. The necessary regulation framework required can exante only be specified as trial and error. If we think of an exante increased chance of benefit as itself a benefit, threats can be assimilated to sure assurances. However, they are also welfare improving because the bank's operating parameters become subject to choice exante. We see that selecting institutions is exante mutually advantageous. Economists often call this an exante approach to aggregation. The distinction between exante and ex post moral hazard is relevant for the definition of the term 'risk' in calculating the premium. However, they are not compatible with optimality of health insurance contracts in the presence of both exante and ex post moral hazard. In individual actions, exante, each plaintiff has a one-in-thirteen chance of prevailing. Banks can be thought of as coalitions of exante identical young agents born at the same island. The new regime is assumed completely unanticipated exante and perfectly credible ex post. Compare this result with the exante solution. As noted above, exante payments may not be feasible for some firms so that ex post assessments may be needed. On the issue of timing, we consider a fund with both exante and ex post contributions. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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