| 词汇 | example_english_epidemic |
| 释义 | Examples of epidemicThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Further work is needed to study the impact of this assumption on the size and the duration of the simulated epidemics. Although there were intermittent periods when the populations could recover and indeed expand, subsequent new epidemics took a terrible toll. The resulting typhoid ('enteric fever ' or maagkoors) epidemics claimed victims annually and the tenants' ignorance of basic hygiene perpetuated the cycle. The lack of sustained growth in expenditure on this service is perhaps unsurprising, given the receding threat of epidemics. Introductions to naive host populations elsewhere have caused severe epidemics. In the absence of vaccination, epidemics expand rapidly and can last for several months, usually stopping with the onset of the rains [7]. The age distribution of cases was consistent with that previously observed in meningococcal disease epidemics. Very few studies have estimated the impact of measles epidemics in a group of vaccine decliners on a surrounding population of vaccine acceptors. We assume an initial infection prevalence of between 2 and 10 % at the start of the simulated epidemics. Serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza epidemics. Larger post-immunization epidemics may however, still occur if coverage is not maintained at uniformly high levels. We conjecture that antibodies lacking in durability have become prevalent in the population resulting in the disappearance of large epidemics since 1992. Among the different epidemiological situations, human hypo- to hyperendemic areas, including epidemics, are noteworthy. The magnitudes of the epidemics and the time interval between them, were dependent on the rate at which fish were added to the populations. High mortality rates are usually linked with war and epidemics. Doctors and social epidemics : the problem of persistent unexplained physical symptoms, including chronic fatigue. In these epidemics, all age groups, particularly adults were affected. Both epidemics would occur primarily in individuals who were in age groups immediately above those who were vaccinated when vaccination began. In future research, similar model analyses of data on less severe scrapie epidemics should provide more detailed information. The stochastic model is, however, more appropriate for describing epidemics in small communities, such as those discussed here. One reason was its usefulness in genetic analyses and another that it started epidemics of bacteria with multiple resistances to antibiotics. The equations exhibit front-like behavior as is familiar from the theory of the spreading of epidemics. The peak of the prevalence coincided with the epidemics of influenza in early pregnancy. Each society is different and special circumstances, such as epidemics, unusually late marriages and high infant mortality, might exacerbate these disruptions. Unlike floods, typhoons, or some manner of epidemics, populations cannot be publicly marshaled to 'resist' or 'fortify themselves' against the coming disaster. As discussed in [31, 32], disproportionate attention is often paid to large epidemics while small outbreaks may go undetected. After two ' premature ' epidemics in 1975 and 1977\\78, a 9-year hyperendemic-to-hypoendemic period succeeded. Using the non-specific indices, we were able to identify four clear epidemics, two of which were shown to be linked to dengue. Peaks 1 and 2 : confirmed epidemics of dengue. Careful consideration should now be given to the prevention of future epidemics, the like of which have been observed elsewhere following campaign intervention [31, 32]. Long-distance dispersal can play a major role in the onset, range and duration of epidemics. To avoid diphtheria epidemics in the future the immunity among adults should be raised in the coming years. The method could also perhaps be automated for use in epidemics. Year after year the pregnancies continued; the epidemics and decimating diseases came almost as regularly. Viral persistence in flies that feed on rabbit carcasses could provide an alternative mechanism for viral persistence in an ecosystem between consecutive epidemics. Since that time, no new epidemics have occurred, although the disease is still endemic with a declining trend. Sporadic infections occur in seasonal annual cycles while epidemics occur at greater intervals [2]. Major dengue epidemics have occurred in this region annually since 1975 [4]. Further, by using local knowledge, it is possible to get closer to probable reasons for the epidemic's change. The epidemics may have been caused by faecal contamination of well water following rain. Mathematical models have been previously used to investigate the pattern of disease epidemics [20, 21] in both human and animal populations. Increases in the rate of admissions were seen associated with some, but not all, epidemics. We did collect a few oral histories from individuals who had par ticipated in whatever epidemics we were analyzing at a par ticular moment. Temperatures are rising, the ozone hole is bigger than ever before, and new epidemics of disease ravage a continually increasing populace. The population pressure which underlay these trends also made the outcome of each harvest more crucial, and periodic epidemics hit the undernourished population hard. In relation to noti®cation, this process was frequently reversed, with public health authorities creating an 'early warning system of pending epidemics'. Before 1666 a ®fth of the population were periodically wiped out by plague epidemics and immigration levels were high, both from home and abroad. The middle chapters examine the partnerships between public health and labour working together to prevent epidemics through reform campaigns against inferior and unclean work places. Similar "epidemics" have occurred subsequently in other countries (110). The causes of this growth were clear: fewer famines and epidemics (especially smallpox, measles and influenza), and some commercial and agricultural expansion. Viral epidemics from natural recombinations have already occurred. He even includes a short treatment of mathematical models of epidemics, a topic foreign to books on medical statistics but not at all unwelcome. Prior bad nutrition and poor housing conditions could impair resistance against the diseases and epidemics that often followed in their wake. Seeing the law as a provision against epidemics, it should, however, be stressed that these paragraphs made treatment mandatory for all citizens. How do individuals change their behaviors during epidemics? As a benchmark for assessing the importance of economic effects on epidemics, we use a pure demographic-epidemiological model. Despite the absence of true epidemics, clusters of cases have been reported throughout the last century. The strong seasonal forcing of epidemics associated with schooling is also a complicating factor in the interpretation of correlations [20, 23]. Although the herald wave phenomenon is not always observed [16 -18], this observation is useful information for predicting forthcoming influenza epidemics. Details on both epidemics have been described elsewhere [9-11]. Similar trends are apparent in the other experiments, although the intervals between epidemics are more variable. Further work is needed to identify the reservoir if such epidemics are to be controlled. Figure 6 shows that a change in the pathogen population may in just a few years lead to strong recurrent epidemics. The observed data in these experiments were the ' final sizes ' of the local epidemics, ie, the total number of individuals ultimately infected in the experiment. Then epidemics re-emerged in 1987\\8 and 1991\\2. In the future, new epidemics may appear and may prove very difficult to eradicate. A chapter reviews viral issues generally, and another covers cross-protection and white-y-bor ne virus disease epidemics. In contrast, other serotypes may be introduced periodically, causing epidemics, with few isolations reported in intervening years [10, 11]. Most published reports of malaria epidemics fail to communicate sufficient detail to estimate age-specific risks of severe disease. Such epidemics are usually not overlooked and eventually diagnosed on the basis of laboratory tests [23, 24]. No epidemics have been detected here since the reporting of giardiasis outbreaks was made obligatory in 1995. The risk of developing gastroenteritis decreased significantly with age and this was an important common point for all epidemics studied. The actual reproduction number gives us some additional understanding of the dynamics of epidemics, compared with prevalence and incidence curves. Measures to ensure drinking-water quality and food hygiene can also help to prevent occasional epidemics [8]. Table 1 summarizes the location and seasonal distribution of the epidemics reviewed. During the process of diffusion and adoption of innovations, as in epidemics, communication - understood as social face-to-face interactions - and proximity have a primary influence. Due to various important events in the epidemic's trajectory, the clinical tradition (be it liberal or conservative) was gradually called into question. However, restricting genetic diversity to only a few varieties increases the vulnerability of agricultural systems to disease or pest epidemics and environmental stress. Fear of epidemics prompted city governments to prioritize the well-being of the suburbs only when the city was threatened. Proud armies have often been decimated, even destroyed, by epidemics; wars and thus the fate of peoples have been decided by them. Various kinds of hunger crises caused by natural disasters such as drought, invasions of locusts, blight and other pests and epidemics can be categorized. Moreover, the study was conducted over 4 years to compensate for annual variations in the intensity of epidemics. Like measles and mumps, rubella has also occurred as periodic epidemics every 4 -5 years. In these states, the virus is transmitted in cyclic, communitywide epidemics that tend to last from 1-3 years [2-5]. However, mild waves of epidemics still seem to persist at 3-year intervals. A way of predicting these meningitis epidemics could be enormously useful. Learning through modelling and competition between patients are likely to be important factors in such epidemics. The inmates in some hospitals often numbered several hundred, greatly increasing during epidemics or periods of dearth. The spread of disease from one farm to another is therefore an ever-present risk, and epidemics have been a major problem. On the other hand, it could be argued that epidemics placed additional stress on the orphanages so that new children had to be rejected. Totimehuacan benefited from easier access to courts and government authorities, but it also had to endure the city's economic downturns, epidemics, and military occupations. We also recorded all influenza epidemics during this 40year period. With starvation rampant, disease soon festered, and cholera and typhoid epidemics added to the already high fatalities. The rinderpest, like many epidemics, pursued its course in a rather erratic manner. Secondly, deaths attributable to cholera, smallpox and even some to 'fever' were due to epidemics unrelated to the famine. In historical epidemics of smallpox, the case fatality rate has been shown to be as high as 30 % in unvaccinated populations. Epidemics within each city can occur and individuals travelling through the transportation network can create inter-city epidemics. As yet, influenza cannot be controlled by vaccines and epidemics of influenza occur every winter. We explored the time available for intervention during two recent epidemics. One study estimated that 25-30 % of infected people were asymptomatic, and the estimate increases to 76 % during epidemics. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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