energetic particle

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These energetic particles can cause nuclear reaction on the material around the target and produce undesirable background neutrons.
The waves, which mediate the interaction between the plasma and the energetic particles, are ignored.
This is similar to the introductory process, but instead of sequentially adding heavier particles one at a time, the least energetic particles are removed.
In general, the number density of the energetic particles is negligibly small compared with that of the thermal particles.
The relative importance of effects such as focusing, adiabatic deceleration, and scattering in determining the characteristics of the observed energetic particles is not easily disentangled.
This phenomenon results in numerous energetic particles spilling from an unstable particle or atom.
Primary cosmic-ray particles, which interact with the atmosphere, generate secondary energetic particles, creating a so-called cosmic-ray shower.
Transient distribution of energetic particles produced by intense femtosecond laser pulses irradiating solids.
Gyrating energetic particles that move back and forth between the shock and upstream regions can gain energy from the transverse electric field in the shock region.
The reason is that the very nature of injection requires information on the momentum distribution of the plasma and the energetic particles, which is lost in the hydrodynamic approach.
Examples of hazardous events in the past are given and a short discussion of the effects of short-wave radiation and energetic particles on biological systems that are exposed in space.
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