| 词汇 | example_english_emission |
| 释义 | Examples of emissionThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. There is an interesting look at emissions trading, which is going to take an increasing role and for which biological sinks may be significant. Above it is assumed that quotas are allocated according to emissions. The marginal costs of carbon dioxide emissions and the returns to investment in development are readily compared. We estimate the marginal cost of reducing carbon emissions beyond the existing baseline. We may also say that the adjustment of emissions is effected within almost three periods. Option values are attached to the three possibilities: to stop emissions temporarily, to exit entirely and to re-start polluting (for an 'entry fee'). However, emissions are not necessarily the most relevant measure of (subjective) environmental quality. Note that particulate emissions from the chemical plant are significantly higher than emissions from the iron foundry. Therefore, in terms of social costs of abatement an emissions tax is as efficient as a standard. At this tax rate, there is nearly 96 per cent reduction in emissions on average with a cost increase of less than 50 per cent. The firms do make efficient choices under an emissions tax. The plants choose low-ash coal to abate particulate emissions. The policies that are considered include an emissions standard, an emissions tax, an ash tax, and a coal tax. An emissions tax induces efficient allocation of abatement across firms, even when all the firms are different and some firms abate more than the others. If we consider first an emissions standard, then the switch to a baghouse depends on plant-specific standards. In the next section, we compare across an emissions tax, an ash tax and a coal tax. Keeping these goals as the benchmark, we analyze an emissions tax, an ash tax, and a coal tax. The final term in the equation represents the change in emissions resulting from changes in efficiency. Industrialization may increase emissions per unit of output, while an expansion of the tertiary sector is expected to reduce them. Available data do not allow the air quality impacts of increased emissions from fixed and mobile sources to be described very precisely. As expected, emissions are increasing in the unit abatement cost. Most analyses for developed countries look at the effects of stabilizing or reducing emissions below some target, such as 1990 levels. Finally, both municipal waste and carbon emissions per capita increase unambiguously with rising income. They also calculate the economic growth rates that are compatible with zero emissions growth holding energy prices constant. Stabilization of energy-related carbon emissions at a pre-2020 level is unlikely in the absence of policy initiatives undertaken to reduce these emissions. First, technologies which reduce carbon emissions are evaluated. The policy simulations show that the way the emissions tax induces abatement leads to not only lower emissions but also lower costs. As we have seen empirically, the emissions tax is the most efficient. The resulting choices from the emissions standards case give us socially efficient results. To do this we first run a base case with no emissions targets and no carbon taxes. Also, carbon dioxide emissions increased 13-fold, water use rose nine times and energy use increased 16 times. The harmonization advantage is large for technology avoiding exhaust emissions. American majorities have opposed emissions rights trading, as allowing rich countries to sidestep emissions reduction (1998, 1997). Utilities that 'overcomply' by reducing their emissions more than required may sell their excess allowances. The enhanced activity revealed itself in the form of strong highenergy emissions, frequent flares and a powerful stellar wind. The most impor tant contribution by ingestion is the diet vegetation, and its derivation, if the emissions occur when the vegetables are growing and developing. 130 side, the reformulation of feed mixes to reduce water or air emissions has been identified as a promising system innovation. At least six intense non-thermal planetary radio emissions are known in our solar system. The results were analysed to establish correlations between these operations and emissions. Finally, the results and analysis are discussed with a view to reducing emissions from incineration by controlling operations. Although most of the smelter emissions are deposited close by, they still represent a major source of circumpolar contamination. Moreover, deviations from estimated business-as-usual emissions would have an anti-cyclical effect for developing countries. Then, the permit share of developing countries with low emissions would be determined such that their revenues from selling permits equals their mitigation cost. The tax, levied on large power generators, is proportional to emissions while the rebate is proportional to electricity produced. Although there are large uncertainties in such emissions estimates for a variety of reasons, overall emissions levels are projected to grow significantly in the future. An experiment has also been made which includes emissions of sulphur dioxide and thus the formation of aerosols. The three pollutants are measured in terms of emissions per capita on a national basis. However, once cheaper technical options are exhausted, further reductions in emissions through technological change can be achieved only at high cost. Reduction in emissions from motor vehicles can be achieved in two ways. Therefore, since the private and social benefits from innovation coincides, and similarly for the costs, the emissions tax induces the optimal amount of innovation. The 100% dry-waste burns were removed from the calculations of the average gas concentration and mass emissions, and the results were noted. However, hydrocarbon (toluene) emissions were more than 250% higher than total hydrocarbon emissions from other sources on station. Comparative studies were conducted between measured emissions and environmental best-practice guidelines. A further means of potentially reducing emissions from incineration may be improved incinerator operator training. The waste stream was sorted, burnt, and the incinerator emissions monitored. The results suggest that correlations exist between operations and emissions. The correct maintenance of the incinerator should reduce excess emissions. However, there was a kind of regulatory 'race to the top' of car emissions standards that was driven by the desire for harmonization. Effect of straw addition on nitrous oxide and methane emissions from stored farmyard manures. Dietary manipulation in dairy cattle: laboratory experiments to assess the influence on ammonia emissions. A comparison of systems for measuring methane emissions from sheep. The paper reviews two alternative rules for allocation of property rights in a global greenhouse-gas emissions budget, assuming implementation of a tradablequota arrangement. Several of the most populous developing countries start the analysis with carbon emissions that are slightly below the average trajectory. The discussion in section 3 assumes that the marginal cost of a given percentage reduction in emissions is constant over time. From figure 1, prior to innovation, firms must pay rectangle xyua* to the government to purchase permits for their emissions of 1 a*. First, environmental groups may insist that country 2 cut back at least part of its own emissions at home. We then use this subsidiary equation to consider the impact on global carbon emissions of alternative assumptions regarding energy prices. However, the downturns are mild, leaving emissions in the high-income countries only slightly below their current levels. Untreated emissions contain this environmental cost too in equations (14) and (17). With the partial exception of emissions from vehicles in times of congestion, such data are reasonably reliable. Therefore, the overall emissions have probably been estimated with no less than a 10 per cent error. Table 1 summarizes the results of the sectoral emissions projections. However, the target must be credible in the sense that it must imply a true commitment to reduce the emissions that would otherwise be generated. Pollutants in wastewater emissions are a stock that persist in the waterway once discharged. Note that the linear functions parallel those of reclaimed emissions. However, the treated amount of waste gas emissions is identified in the statistics. Reported emissions fall because a higher tax raises the cost of compliance and thus increases the payoffs from tax evasion. Intuitively, since a higher fine leads to an increase in reported emissions, the firm is compelled to pay more tax (on the reported emissions). Given the sequential structure of the model, the level of emissions which eventuate in equilibrium will depend on expected taxes and fines. The tax paid by the firm is therefore based on the level of emissions reported by the inspector. Section 2 outlines the basic model and investigates the impact of the policy instruments on actual and reported emissions levels. With banking of quotas, each agent can reduce emissions more than indicated by the quotas it holds. In year 2030, they should further have reduced their emissions by 20 per cent from the 1990 level of emissions. However, we will disregard that possibility as plants always have other ways of abating emissions than reducing production. Let us assume that the government is internalizing the emissions by charging the firms with q per ton emitted. In this way, effects of any uncertainties in emissions forecasts and air quality modeling are minimized. Such costs include the purchase and installation of emissions control equipment and the purchase of emissions permits. The standard for vapor degreasers specifically recommends against local exhaust ventilation because of its potential role in generating emissions to the environment. The rankings of states, both on an aggregate basis and on a per unit basis, differ when energy savings are translated into emissions reductions. Emissions will be cut from current emissions of 48 tons to a cap of 26 tons in 2010, and 15 tons in 2018. A cap that represents significant reductions of emissions protects the environment by reducing overall loadings. Reducing mercury emissions will reduce mercury deposition in lakes and streams. We are concerned that the significant emissions reductions are required too quickly. After the emissions inventories are developed, they are translated into estimates of futureyear air quality conditions under each scenario. One of the most significant areas of uncertainty in climate change concerns the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Thus, the trends of both emissions and energy use were highly different between the two countries. On the contrary, the structural transition identified here shows that lower emissions levels can be induced at different levels of income. Closely related to the issue of carbon dioxide emissions is that of energy use. Emissions from gas flaring are a very small proportion of total regional emissions and are included in this paper. Thus, carbon dioxide emissions monotonically increase within the observed income range and little confidence can be had in the estimated turning points. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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