| 词汇 | example_english_elicitation |
| 释义 | Examples of elicitationThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The backbone of all elicitation of inflectional morphology is the inventory of parameters and values supplied to the user. When comparing the valuations obtained by applying this model with the direct panel elicitation, several factors must be taken into account. We have proposed an elicitation procedure in which sensitivity analysis takes a central role. The experiences with our elicitation procedure so far encourage us to pursue this line of research in the future. In the second study, the knowledge elicitation technique we used was protocol analysis, which involves asking experts to perform a task while thinking aloud. As a high level view, this outlines the progression from requirements elicitation, through speci®cation, detailed design and coding. We have noticed this phenomenon in elicitation dialogues about research groups. Cognitive biases can, to some extent, be suppressed by informing the expert of their existence and by using different elicitation methods. Several elicitation methods and representation formats can be tried to see which best fit the task and the experience and preferences of the expert. A number of methods for the elicitation of probabilities are known from the field of decision analysis. Since, in addition, directly assessed numbers tend to be biased, various indirect elicitation methods have been developed. To overcome biases, it seems necessary to have a well-structured process for probability elicitation. The understanding of a domain is very difficult to explicate and requires the highest skill from the knowledge engineer in elicitation. The starting point for this level is the elicitation of use cases and requirements. The first turn in the exchange is an elicitation, directive, or informative. In the elicitation tasks, attention is focused on pronunciation, and notions of "correctness" come into play. The model of expertise obtained in the elicitation process is stored in the taskstructure module of the system. However, we need to administer the elicitation context more tightly to "force" the subjects to produce certain target predicates with a designated argument structure. The photographs are augmented by commentary obtained from photo elicitation interviews with staff and family members. Table 17 shows the use of the standard [t] for this variable in the elicitation tasks. At the second stage of text elicitation, participants were asked to write about the same biographical and expository topics they had discussed orally. The same procedures for data-elicitation were adopted across the population in all seven countries. Starting in their third year of life, children appear willing to produce familiar verbs with unattested numbers of arguments, both spontaneously and in elicitation tasks. Furthermore, they may be applied to speech produced in a natural context since they do not require the elicitation of a predetermined set of words. Admittedly, the task for the knowledge engineer does get harder, because the elicitation sessions require much more preparation. Finally, other elicitation procedures might show an influence of lexical factors. In this case, recasts do not account for any repairs, while elicitation is responsible for 43% of all studentgenerated repairs. From this case study it is apparent that customer requirements elicitation plays an impor tant role in the product design process. Furthermore, scoring similarity rating questionnaires is less laborious for experimenters than is the compilation of correct and incorrect responses given by participants in translation elicitation. In the translation-elicitation task, we predicted that participants would translate nouns with umlauted vowels and/or esszets less accurately than other nouns. The children in this study performed more poorly on elicitation than spontaneous language tasks. Recent research discussed in the next section avoids this methodological problem by using elicitation devices such as picture description. The elicitation of immediate judgment responses under well-defined time constraints may provide a partial solution to this problem. The use of semi-spontaneous data instead of direct elicitation implies some limitations. The elicitation of all possible target consonants was attempted through the presentation of pictures presented to the child during the experimental session. In this article, we review available studies concerning chlamydial infection and the elicitation of an autoimmune response in the human host. Despite detailed analyses, only one of the pause variables, silent pause length, was significantly different over the three elicitation times. Cockburn 2001!, and others have formalized the usagecentered perspective into the use-case approach to requirements elicitation. Narrative discourse proficiency of learning disabled students : differences between elicitation procedures. The expected pattern of responses would be 50% use of each pattern, given the nature of the elicitation scenarios. Adjectives produced in the context of the elicitation tasks were extracted and coded according to their grammatical correctness. In phase one each child did two tasks : colour term elicitation (the list experiment) and colour term production (the naming experiment), in that order. The elicitation process was treated as a humorous game. Figure 1 shows the evolution of preference elicitation methods over time. The literature on elicitation techniques is small but growing, both in the context of clinical trials (6;7;8;19) and more generally (11;17). Elicitation of retinal spreading depression by barium ions. Perhaps the elicitation of action potentials would be possible, if these cells were in an uncoupled state. Further analysis of the data, however, suggests that age was not the best predictor of performance on the elicitation task. Alternative protein supplements were tested to determine possible specificity in the elicitation of these proteases. The procedure sets out with the elicitation of initial, probably highly uncertain, assessments for all conditional probabilities required for the belief network under construction. In the ®rst step of the elicitation procedure, initial assessments are acquired for all conditional probabilities for a belief network in the making. Finally, a last point, just out of curiosity: the authors mention several times that there were production effects in their elicitation task. The elicitation format chosen is an open-ended bidding game. The value elicitation format used is discrete with open-ended follow-up questions. The elicitation technique used did not always result in the desired constructions or environments being recorded. Chapter 4 discusses the results of the elicitation experiment, which are then combined with the data obtained from the corpus study. Another critical line of experimental work is the elicitation of preferences - for goods and services, for risk, and for time. Multiple data-elicitation measures of learners' internal processes may also provide substantial evidence to explicate more clearly the findings of the present study. The other feedback types are distributed in decreasing frequency as follows: elicitation (14%), clarification request (11%), metalinguistic feedback (8%), explicit correction (7%), and repetition (5%). The most likely to succeed was elicitation with 100% of these moves leading to uptake. The only meaningful and useful way to specify prior information is through the genuine elicitation of prior beliefs. There is still a considerable amount of research to be done on the elicitation and specification of prior information in cost-effectiveness analyses. Thus, the comparison are not confounded by any difference in method of preference elicitation. Unlike these earlier studies, this test was used in the present study as a written elicitation measure for logistical reasons. Thus, sensitivity and specificity of these measures may improve with structured elicitation tasks in combination with spontaneous language samples. Note, however, that overregularizations are relatively rare events even in elicitation tasks with novel words. Alternatively, the contrived nature of the elicitation task may have taxed these young children, and they might have performed better in a more natural setting. We used an elicitation task for a number of reasons. The use of an elicitation task allowed us to address this issue. One of the practice questions and three of the questions in the main questionnaire involved a test of the lottery equivalents elicitation method. Table 6 shows a comparison between the modelled severity weights and the weights from the panel elicitation. In this study an elicitation task was used to assess children's ordering of adjectives and nouns. There was also some data elicitation targeting particular mor phology. The forced-choice elicitation task was administered directly after the first task. The first was a count-mass grammaticality judgement task and the second was a forced-choice elicitation task. Note that studies with different methodologies had similar outcomes, thus the results are unlikely to be an artifact of a particular preference elicitation procedure. The nature of the construct will impact all the above aspects of the elicitation procedure. An integrated approach is described, which is based on repeated single-criterion sor ts and fuzzy evaluation, for the elicitation of customer requirements. Thus, recordings of spontaneous speech must be complemented by elicitation of speakers' beliefs about ungrammatical sentences. Our modi®cation of the translation-elicitation task involved our presenting words in random order rather than presenting noun lists categorized semantically. In the translation-elicitation task, we expected participants who received pronunciation information to provide more correct translations than those who did not receive pronunciation information. We conclude that rhyme does not have an effect on the children's ability to correctly inflect the weak verbs in this elicitation task. One aspect of the current study that is worth considering in more detail is the use of both imitation and elicitation tasks. During requirements elicitation it is almost inevitable that inconsistencies arise. In the fourth step of the elicitation procedure, therefore, there is an investigation for each of the selected assessments, whether re®nement is cost-eective. There was more reliance noted on cor rection moves with metalinguistic feedback and elicitations to invite pupil self cor rection. The e variant is exclusively a casual style variant, which does not occur at all in more formal styles and is unobtainable in word-list elicitations. Such elicitations yield an index of the relative frequency for each form type used in coining words. In this regard, it is noteworthy that most direct elicitations of children's apologies occurred only after the second birthday. Certain activities, such as object or picture description and picture story-retelling, were used to generate specific grammatical and discourse patterns and communication strategies; however, no phonological elicitations were made. The 15 jewel contexts were sorted a total of 180 times by 12 participants: 84 (47%) correct sortings of jewel and 96 (53%) mistaken elicitations of gem. The 15 gem contexts produced 180 total sortings from the same 12 participants: 112 (62%) correct sortings of gem and 68 (38%) mistaken elicitations of jewel. I therefore turn now to some elicitation tasks designed to find out which options children prefer when. A common value elicitation method is the dichotomous choice format. The lottery equivalents method is a preference elicitation instrument that has recently received some attention in the literature. The quantitative evidence does not, however, give a very 'rich' picture of the 'reasoning' that respondents employ in these preference elicitation exercises. However, this pattern was not found in the translation-elicitation task. However, translation elicitation offers the advantage that experimenters can simultaneously assess cognate and false cognate status within a single questionnaire. One hundred took part in the similarity-rating task, another 100 participated in the translation-elicitation task, and the remaining 50 took part in the imageability-rating task. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。