| 词汇 | example_english_elasticity |
| 释义 | Examples of elasticityThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The ultimate effects of initial cost internalization on economic aggregates would have to be modelled according to prevailing price elasticities and technological (production) structures. Using these aggregates and the stock of durable goods, we estimate the elasticities of substitution between various consumption goods and monetary assets. The same questions, however, can also be answered, at least qualitatively, by using time elasticities. Higher persistence is associated with larger (absolute) tax elasticities, even if the model allows for altruistic bequests. Similarly, changing the relative magnitude of aggregate supply and demand elasticities in the fourth and fifth rows does not destroy the incentives for activism. Table 4 reports the estimated elasticities and marginal effects. The elasticities exhibit wide ranges of variation from month t o m onth as expected. Simultaneously, results from a conventional travel cost model reveal low elasticities with respect to costs incurred by visitors. Calculated cost shares in the base year 1992 form the elasticities in the production functions. The own-price elasticities are all negative, as predicted by the theory. The parameters and denote the inverse of the consumption and labour supply elasticities. Second, countries with different elasticities of substitution or union bargaining power may have considerably different stability properties of the equilibrium. Moreover, the difference in income elasticities is not necessary for our results, merely amplifying the incentives of the rich region. As employment elasticities of output decline, employment creation slows down. Since we have price and income in logarithmic values, the relevant elasticities are equal to the estimate. In particular, much depends upon various elasticities whose sign and magnitude can only be revealed by empirical investigation. A value function relating willingness to pay for water quality and income is estimated, and the implied income elasticities are calculated. However, as argued earlier, the reported elasticities for the oldest cohort have to be interpreted with caution. The mean values of the elasticities of substitution between raw materials and the three reproducible inputs are all positive. We calculate the aggregate elasticities and marginal effects for each attribute and estimate the value-of-time for each mode. Therefore, estimated time elasticities are at least indicative of hospitals' market power. The relatively high own-price elasticities suggest that consumers are quite sensitive to organic product price changes, compared to those of conventionally grown alternatives. To calculate the elasticities, the logit is worked out for each case. The possibility of finding nonsymmetric elasticities of substitution is particularly appropriate when analyzing substitution between goods and money. The tax elasticities in the complete persistence case are still larger by 29% to 154%. Following others, we do not allow individual differences in earnings either, because we want to concentrate on the effects of differences in longevity and elasticities. The elasticities of substitution between capital and skilled/unskilled labor are taken from the empirical literature. In a demand system context the price elasticities must vary with prices to preserve the adding-up property. They neatly capture the differences between the two with a set of elasticities that reflect political tradeoffs. Compensated cross-price elasticities evaluated for various expenditure groups. Then, we differentiate the dynamic system obtained using the elasticities (19) and (20). However, if income elasticities are positive enough, preferences can help reduce pollution. Throughout this section, this is the meaning of elasticities discussed. Small elasticities imply that there are few close substitutes readily available. Also, labour, capital, and materials-energy are substitutes of one another, as the elasticities of substitution are positive for them. Sub-section 4.4 gives the estimates of price elasticities, cost flexibility, and marginal abatement cost. Since these elasticities are quite small, we will check whether our conclusions are sensitive to these assumptions. Section 2 also shows how to use estimates of supply, potential demand, and price elasticities of demand and supply to predict eco-label premiums. Overall, higher elasticities produce slightly smaller total catches. To illustrate the magnitude of the effects we estimate, tables 6, 7, and 8 present the implied elasticities and bootstrapped standard errors for each regression. Ideally, one would like to identify the hospital and group-level price elasticities of demand to answer each of these questions. In any case, the elasticities for both these variables are relatively small. Even after 25 years, these elasticities are 0.398 and 0.868, respectively, implying a strong potential for further increases in inequality. We use the elasticities of aggregate wealth as a measure of their importance. The presence of uncertainty forces central banks to form and update beliefs about the elasticities in the model. Uncertainty about the elasticities is magnified by assuming that observed realisations of output and inflation are subject to measurement error. Here, we argue that it is the economic regularity violations that lead to the plots of wildly varying elasticities. The main finding is that stronger persistence implies larger steady-state tax elasticities and slower rates of convergence to the steady-state. In terms of the elasticities we can say that export demand is inelastic with respect to relative prices. Other important parameters are the elasticities of substitution between energy and other factors, and between fuels. One caveat that should be made is that this study estimated income elasticities based on cross-sectional difference in income. The estimated elasticities of demand associated with those reductions are also given. There are no significant differences in estimated incremental values and profit elasticities between the unrestricted, partially restricted, and completely restricted systems of equations. Estimated hauling time elasticities are now particularly high for the truck water (-0.25 and highly significant). Capital mobility parameters and substitution elasticities among inputs/factors, included in the nested production function, were modified. As would be expected given the previous results, the sign and significance of the trade elasticities varies by pollutant. The magnitude of the trade elasticities can be seen to be small, however, particularly relative to the income elasticities. Long-term elasticities are 0.50, 1.00, 0.80, and 2.00, respectively. Our estimates of elasticities and marginal effects are rather small. Travel time for bus and car have the highest elasticities and marginal effects. The demand functions were also used to estimate price elasticities of demand at the mean value of the variables. The model distinguishes between installed and new capital, and substitution is much more difficult (elasticities of substitution are lower) for installed capital. Low cross-price elasticities (although there aren't many studies of this) and relatively low incomes compared to households in urban areas tend to support this contention. The findings of structural transition modelling do not support income as the decisive factor in a transition away from positive emissions elasticities. The elasticities of trade are 1.4 for exports and 1.2 for imports. If there are quota-based and other kinds of quantity restraints, all things being equal, supply elasticities are substantially reduced by them. In contrast, low values for the elasticities of substitution between labour and nature can, according to (8), lead to sustainable development. The denominators of (17) and (18) are essentially the same (although the elasticities may differ in the optimal solution if these are non-constant across regions). Uniform premiums are not able to accommodate these individual differences in price elasticities, probabilities, and parameters from other insurance contracts. Table 1 illustrates how time elasticities can be used to define geographic hospital markets in merger cases. To construct the bootstrap confidence intervals, we simulate from the values of estimated using federal funds data for the prespecified variance elasticities. Higher elasticities lead to very similar error structures. Low elasticities require greater changes in the real exchange rate. In this case, and without any additional restrictions, this implies estimating 10,000 elasticities - 100 demand equations, one for each product, with 100 prices in each. The key parameters to consider in the calibration of the production side of the model are the elasticities of substitution between input factors. Hence, we correct the respective elasticities of substitution between capital and skilled/unskilled labor accordingly. The implication is that 3 is a big number, but some elasticities intervene, so one cannot be sure. Characteristics of electoral systems other than seats-votes elasticities might affect regulatory incentives, and consequently real price levels. As a flexible functional form, the translog does not a priori restrict the value of factor substitution elasticities. The range of own-price elasticities of demand found is -0.11 to -1.47 with only one of ten estimates greater than 1 in absolute value. In all models the electricity dummy is negatively and significantly correlated with numbers of trees on-farm, though elasticities are extremely low. If elasticities are smaller, sustainable development is very likely. The effect of autocorrelated growth on population dynamics is, however, likely t o be small if it occurs in stages with low elasticities. However, as biotic pressure increases and the wetland becomes less attractive as an eco-system, the values of the elasticities decrease to a range varying from 0.04 to 0.124. A natural question becomes: how sensitive are the results to differences in the two elasticities? A halving of substitution elasticities implies an economy that in an international context is rather inflexible, however. Coal and natural gas prices are determined by the supply elasticities of their respective resource bases. We use the natural logarithm of the economic variables, and estimate the corresponding elasticities. On the other hand, the choice of substitution elasticities among productive inputs and the rule used for redistributing carbon tax revenue do influence the results. However, investment and capital accumulation processes as a function of relative returns may not be incorporated, and long-term elasticities only minimize this flaw. Parking, punctuality, and quality are dummy variables, so the reported elasticities and marginal effects are only approximations. The resulting estimates gauge the effects of environmental regulations on measures including the elasticities of cost and input demands and the rate of productivity growth. If one also looked at tax distortions of savings, elasticities at that point in time again seemed to be small. Substitution elasticities reflect adjustment possibilities in the demand for production factors originating from variations in their relative price. The short- and long-run standardized price elasticities of pulpwood demand are -0.557 and -0.979. On the other hand, the price elasticities for bullocks are negative. The size of the deadweight loss in the market depends upon demand and supply elasticities. In agriculture, the employment elasticities dropped to near zero. The elasticities measure the mean percentage change in the probability of survival associated with a percentage change in each variable. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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