词汇 | example_english_egalitarian |
释义 | Examples of egalitarianThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Most contemporary egalitarians believe that inequality is bad only when the worse off are worse off through no fault of their own. Most agency-independent egalitarians will think that he has an equality-based reason to help in both of the cases. What should maximin egalitarians think about seniority privileges? Whereas this argument was initially put forward by libertarians, egalitarians soon acknowledged its power and began to incorporate it into their own theories. Liberal egalitarians object to strict egalitarianism because they believe that fairness requires that people should be held responsible for their choices. On the priority view, we might reach much the same all-thingsconsidered judgements as moderate egalitarians; but we avoid the levelling down objection. Where does this leave the debate between prioritarians and egalitarians? To be part of such communities, then, would just be unfortunate for egalitarians. Many egalitarians believe that social inequalities are worse than natural ones. Additive aggregation is advocated by utilitarians and prioritarians, while equality-aggregation is favoured by strict egalitarians. As a matter of fact, it seems as though many egalitarians, who have considered them, have rejected them. Although egalitarians agree that utilitarianism is flawed, they disagree about what is valuable about equality and, hence, in their diagnoses of where utilitarianism goes wrong. In such a society, maximin egalitarians might well oppose the prohibition of seniority privileges by the state. Cases of levelling down suggest that the concerns that motivate us to be egalitarians may not be properly captured by egalitarianism. Though it is by no means logically required, we conjecture that most egalitarians would consider such a measure to be a bad bet. The general goal of these egalitarians is to eliminate those inequalities that derive from morally arbitrary factors, by improving the position of the worst off. Liberal egalitarians and utilitarians might have us respond to victims of natural disasters, but could view this as falling under the larger welfare responsibilities of the state. The essence of the egalitarian's view is that comparative unfairness is bad, and that if we could do something about life's unfairness, we have some reason to do it. Where people end up worse off as a result of being unfairly treated, purely procedural egalitarians might want them to be compensated in a way that restores equality. Even though egalitarians may insist that such a loss makes things worse all things considered, they have to accept that it is better in one respect. The differences between utilitarians, egalitarians, and prioritarians might be more important in evaluating these other measures, such as basic income, labor market deregulation, and skills investment. According to this analysis, telic egalitarians are concerned with badness and deontic egalitarians are concerned with injustice, more precisely injustice that "essentially involves agency or representations". Purely procedural egalitarians will disagree. Second, egalitarians and prioritarians who are concerned about complete lives might evaluate data on duration of joblessness and mobility differently from those concerned with inequalities at particular times. The implication was that although governments ought to be engaged in income transfers, they ought not to be as vigorous as egalitarians might instinctively want them to be. Here agency-independent egalitarians are likely to say that what is bad about inequality is simply that some people are worse off through no fault of their own. Well, to egalitarians of the relational variety, and to aggregate prioritarians who are interested in maximizing a weighed sum-total of well-being, the most natural candidate would be total utilitarianism. Of course, egalitarians need not (and should not) consider such a change better all things considered, because they may agree that value attaches to things other than equality. Distinguish now libertarians and liberal egalitarians. We show that two moral intuitions, one generally accepted by prioritarians but denied by egalitarians, and one generally accepted by egalitarians but denied by prioritarians, may be accepted simultaneously. The laissez-faire view is also held by some luck egalitarians, although they do not typically defend it on the basis of full and extensive rights of ownership. Egalitarians who are merely concerned with someone's being worse off as a result of unfair treatment will say that by sheer luck there is nothing for egalitarians to worry about. Parfit distinguishes between strong and moderate egalitarians. The self-styled egalitarians opposite are removing freedom not from the rich, who can look elswhere, but from the poor. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We are called egalitarians, and all sorts of other descriptions have been applied to us. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There are some surprising egalitarians on this issue. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 If that is too long for the egalitarians, let us agree a shorter period with the universities so that they can plan ahead to adapt and replace the top-up money. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Egalitarian wage restraint means passing up opportunities to raise wages in highly profitable firms and sectors. The degree to which even relatively humble residents participated in the more 'egalitarian' parishes is also noteworthy. The allocation of the weights per aspect can be achieved by using the method of egalitarian evaluation (19). Their social organisation is based on small bands, united in flexible egalitarian structures. Egalitarian marriages were associated with balanced family boundaries 72% of the time and with dyadic or disengaged boundaries the remaining 28% of the time. As a global egalitarian, he wants to see resources distributed so as to maximize utility for all; borders and national groups have no moral standing. The role of tort compensation schemes within libertarian, liberal egalitarian, and utilitarian theories of distributive justice is discussed. Currently this differentiation is not apparent in our ageing services and that absence reflects an exemplary egalitarian ethos in the system. Free of their corporatist commitments, social democratic governments have been found to limit the use of regressive indirect taxation in order to promote egalitarian outcomes. Parity of esteem and the other maximally egalitarian commitments of the agreement met with no serious objection. The reform aims to preserve a state-guaranteed egalitarian healthcare system while ensuring optimal use of resources by the introduction of market-type mechanisms. Proposals for egalitarian redistribution are frequently objected to on the grounds that they will undermine incentives to work and invest in human capital. Pantheism on the other hand is participatory and egalitarian. The normative association of coffeehouses with egalitarian social interaction is by no means a merely contemporary phenomenon. Using observed past deforestation, we find that while risk-targeted payments are far more efficient, capped flat payments are more egalitarian. Families became smaller and somewhat more egalitarian and, helped by the increasing availability of household appliances and their longer schooling, children's contributions to housework reduced. Of the numerous factors that may contribute toward marital tension, one is inequality - particularly among couples with an egalitarian gender role orientation. The principle of egalitarian individualism is regarded as axiomatic. Pastoralists and huntergatherers still maintain egalitarian linguistic relations. Collective ownership would also be a means of creating a more communal and egalitarian basis of land access. There are also hints of contingency among several of the more assertively egalitarian groups. The only change to current practice would be the age at which the egalitarian approach gives way to a more specialist approach. In addition, division of feminine household tasks was found to be more egalitarian at later stages of marital life. A per capita rule would apply if egalitarian ethical considerations were predominant. Hence, we may defend an egalitarian position saying that equality promotion is only valuable as a good way of solving distributive conflicts in society. A person can affirm the difference principle and yet be disposed to maximizing behavior in market settings without betraying egalitarian commitments. We thus had a clear prima facie egalitarian case against the seniority-based allocation. In short, a prioritarian will always find an egalitarian who advocates the same social ranking. The negative approach is to defend it by showing that it represents one way of escaping a number of problems facing standard egalitarian justification. Furthermore, if we are considering a moderate egalitarian view, the ordering of distributions will satisfy the principle of personal good. Now, our egalitarian does indeed believe that the distribution (6,6) is better than (10,2), all things considered; surely any egalitarian must believe this. To be an egalitarian is to value equality for its own sake. As we shall see shortly, it is the egalitarian relational claim that renders egalitarianism vulnerable to the levelling down objection. Such a weaker interpretation may remove the egalitarian normative concern. One need not be a doctrinaire egalitarian to be speechless at this requirement. If we answer in this way, we are headed toward some kind of egalitarian or prioritarian view. First, note that conditions imposed on the betterness relation can incorporate more than just egalitarian concerns. Moreover, we demonstrate how libertarianism may be justified in this framework if we drop the egalitarian condition. In a complex egalitarian structure like equality unless the disadvantaged are responsible for their worse lots, responsibility clearly plays an important specificatory role. Such commitment entails "bias-neutralizing" and "aversion to uncertainty," which support an egalitarian politics. Equality is not the only thing that matters to the egalitarian. In small-scale, egalitarian societies migrants played a similar role. Such an egalitarian vision of the family may also be seen as a strategic, political construction. In the more unequal middle-income societies of the world, has democratisation led to pressures for a more egalitarian distribution of income ? To criticize the design argument on egalitarian grounds is to criticize it on moral grounds. She then asks what argument the egalitarian has in favour of equality such that reducing welfare is sometimes justified. There is no reason why a non-egalitarian should not hold a view comparable to (1). Though both egalitarian and teleological interpretations of his argument seem initially plausible, both have problems. Canceling the seniority rule is, however, not necessarily what maximin egalitarians should advocate. First, egalitarians might measure inequality in ways that permit losses to the badly off that would be ruled out by utilitarianism and prioritarianism. On my view, egalitarians are not committed to thinking deserved inequalities are as bad as undeserved ones. Opponents sometimes try to saddle egalitarians with the view that all inequalities are bad. Of course, if we are moderate egalitarians, this is sure to be outweighed by the positive contribution from the increase in mean welfare. I show that the egalitarian's concerns cannot be adequately captured by considerations of sufficiency, compassion or priority. In this paper however, we have tried to convince egalitarians. Similarly, egalitarians may ascribe derivative significance to membership of the same society. Many egalitarians would reject sexist laws and a sexist culture even if, bizarrely, neither made outcomes worse for women, nor worsened their opportunities. Hence, almost no egalitarians are concerned with unequal outcomes in themselves. Both egalitarians and prioritarians may say that levelling down makes things worse, all things considered. Moderate egalitarians believe this about the connection between equality and utility. Liberal egalitarians support redistribution required for universal health care and state-funded education. Whatever the reasons for this trend may be, it can not be anything else but discouraging to egalitarians. Agency-dependent egalitarians claim that one way of treating people unfairly or unjustly is to treat them unequally. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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