| 词汇 | example_english_economy |
| 释义 | Examples of economyThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. We calibrate r to match the observed growth rate of consumption in these village economies. Figure 2 shows the path of per-capita consumption over a 50-year period for two economies: = 177 and 245. In addition, we investigate the properties of asset returns and the equity premium in our incomplete-markets economies. The study also reveals that stock prices implied in the economies with short-sale constraints exhibit countercyclical movements. In the latter, indeterminacy significantly relied on scale economies, whereas here it almost exclusively rests on frictions in financial market. The magnitude of the economy's response increases with the size of the externality. Our emphasis on the impact on low-skill workers follows from concerns that these workers often are hit the hardest by trade liberalization in industrialized economies. However, some studies have shown that larger operations, which achieve economies of size, are also able to achieve economies of scope8. The literature has been unclear whether economies of scope can be achieved on smaller sized integrated operations. However, there is some evidence that more diversified production units might be able to achieve economies of both scale and scope. The reason for economies of scale are fixed costs, which mainly occur for the first but not for subsequent guidelines. They tried to reconcile the economy's reliance on female wage-earners with the desire for traditional families of breadwinning men and domestic women. Cities, particularly metropoli, are no longer isolated from broader processes that are currently serving to globalize both cultures and economies. The present process suggests smaller unit costs through learning and economies of scale. One such undertaking might examine the extent and specific form of institutional interference with signals between heterogeneous agents in other struggling economies. There is little reason to fear, then, that globalization will destroy all attempts at regulating the operations of capitalist economies, or render comparative politics obsolete. Secondly, labour earnings can only be taxed up to a point, and there are reasons to believe that co-ordinated market economies have reached this limit. Developing economies are diverse and complex, and in most cases agriculture remains an important source of employment, output and foreign currency earnings. There is thus a need to complement models with exogenous political arrangements with an explanation of institutional sorting amongst political economies as actually occurs. The pollution haven hypothesis asserts that due to strict environmental protection in developed economies, pollution-intensive industries tend to move to developing countries. Output estimates for pre-modern economies usually depend on some assumptions about the economic structure of those economies. As both private and public capital increase, the economy's productive capacity also increases over time, thereby leading to a gradual decline in this ratio. The culmination of a decade-long process of harmonization and negotiation, this invitation symbolized the success of these countries in instituting political democracies and market economies. Certainly, the two-tier price system is unique and distortions are likely to be greater in transition than in more 'settled' economies. In the case of preindustrial economies, integrated by reciprocity, marginal women, such as widows, may be particularly disadvantaged. They are caref ul descriptions that could be used in undergraduate courses about the economies of the region, but there is no original research. Languages often do allow sufficient commonalities in their grammatical descriptions to bring significant economies. Furthermore, the hypothesis implies that more trade will cause environmental degradation and pollution in developing economies. In order to exploit the huge potential economies of scale, very large factories requiring high levels of investment had to be built. Taxes on income or land, in particular for rural-based economies, can be thought of as earned. In contrast, economies of scope in transactions refers to the costs of using the market. More than others, they reward incumbents who preside over strong national economies and punish those who do not. The first disadvantage of small size lies in the inability to realize the external economies of scale discussed in the previous section. The latter tendency has been traditionally discussed in connection with the issue of the existence of economies of scale in agriculture. Probably, given the importance of second-hand trade in early modern economies, nuns could even make a profit by selling some of the objects outside. Applying a knowledge-focused management philosophy to immature economies. Growing economies, particularly if growth is investment-led, have better conditions to save than those in recession, given that economic growth raises the level of income. They investigate not one region or one crop, but the entire province and three overlapping economies across one hundred years from 1750 to 1850. In a world of closed economies, differential ageing generates differences in rates of return. The calibration of two- or three-period overlapping generations economies is not very usual in the literature. The mechanism of regulatory competition has thus stronger effects in countries whose economies are highly economically integrated and weaker effects in less integrated countries. There may be economies of scale whereby the levels of staffing required to meet the need reduces as prisoner numbers increase. Is the life cycle hypothesis a valid representation of household lifetime saving-consumption patterns, and can we extrapolate the model to broader economies ? In order for a pension fund to realize further cost economies, these factors would thus primarily need to be influenced. With expense ratios, we are interested in testing for existence of economies of scale. Larger firms tend to have better benefits because they have the advantage of economies of scale. In this collection, interpretative range is demonstrated by the resurfacing of the plays in different economies. We show how significant the nontrivial interactions between cyclical variations and seasonal ones were in the 16th- and 17th-century economies. A real understanding of such issues is impossible without first having a firm foundation in the history of the economies that are undergoing these transitions. In each period, the economy's equilibrium is determined by the constraint on capital formation, the equality between savings and investments, and by individuals' occupational choices. Indeed, it is realistic to argue that economies face limitations in their access to the world financial markets. We assume that the costs of foreign debt depend upon the economy's aggregate indebtedness, which the individual agent takes as given. As a technology-driven media, the thirty-somethingyear climb of electronica into the music distributor's canon of genres holds many similarities to other technology-influenced economies. The empress, of course, had to make her support fully palpable, but she did this even in times of war, while not neglecting certain economies. The increase in poverty caused by adjustment comes largely from its deflationary effects, though these are reinforced by the consequences of devaluation in many economies. A typical application would be to the case of a multiregional system of economies. Economic growth and the return to capital in developing economies. The local rural economies to which men returned afforded few cashcropping or other productive opportunities. The first is whether there are similarities in these properties across similar economies. Flexible economies can better take advantage of favorable technology shocks, and hence experience a stronger acceleration of output growth in response to such shocks. However, they cannot gauge the extent to which the model generates home sector data consistent with actual economies. Moreover, the experimental economies did not exhibit divergent inflationary paths in cases of deficit values and initial conditions for which least-squares did not converge. The second and third panels represent the variable-time-preference economies for = 0.01 and = 0.02, respectively. In segmented markets economies, then, shocks affect the previous rates not only through their standard full participation fundamentals, but also through the segmentation rate. Most of the models used by the various authors of this special issue are general equilibrium models of entire economies. Therefore, at the fall of communism, they were positioned to divert resources to themselves, and to prevent their economies reaching anything like an efficient equilibrium. The central assumption was that the economies of the region needed to evolve from traditional to modern. Care must be taken to avoid generalizing the results presented here to other economies not included in the analysis. The authors contribute then to a better understanding of the workings of political economies as well as to the materialities of colonialism. Only relatively small sectors of those economies were integrated into the national or international economies, and of those only some suffered serious disruption. Consequently, the real exchange rate between these two economies must adjust in response to such shocks. Furthermore, to qualify for international aid, governments of developing countries must often commit themselves to liberalised economies, and remove government intervention in the market. Not only is much of its aid tied, it also helps to underpin the political economies of narrow state elites. Parts three and four investigate why some individuals are supportive of and satisfied with democratic regimes and market economies, while others are not. Flows of refugees, military intervention by neighbouring countries and cross-border war economies have further contributed to the regional character of conflict. Her research interests include intergovernmental relations and spatial politics, politics of public finance, governance issues in transitional economies, and institutional theory. Anthropologists have focused on explaining the pattern of food transfer among small-scale subsistence economies. Most accounts of this change have emphasized the influence of metropolitan interests and ideas more conducive to state involvement in colonial economies. The rich developed economies have achieved huge increases in agricultural output in the last 50 years, but with profligate inputs of energy, fertilizer and water. Thereby it damaged the competitiveness of their economies. Manufacturing processes could also be rationalised and costs reduced if, as a result of integrating the newly acquired companies, economies of scale could be achieved. Both indicate the importance of towns as places of production, consumption and exchange within regional and interregional economies. What explains the gender division of labour in preindustrial economies ? In contrast, they argued that in preindustrial economies men and women laboured together either at or near the location of their homes. The economic logic of the sector, in which economies of scale are an important factor, is insistently towards concentration. He is also sceptical of the prospects for export-oriented economic growth based on liberal economic policies, because of stagnation and protectionism in the industrialized economies. Conversely, endeavours to integrate may strengthen relationships among relatively disconnected economies, creating interconnections where few existed previously. Indeed, their leaders have often used authoritarian and dictatorial measures in order to keep a strong hand on their economies. Whereas the employment multiplier implies a linear and indefinite process of urban growth, this is undermined by analysis of the economies and diseconomies of scale. No one should be in any doubt that the intention is to control the economies of the member states. Once one economic sector could be integrated, the complexity of modern economies would, force other sectors into similar structures and developments. Small firms in all economies face severe problems raising finance to expand, or even maintain, their scale of operations. In market economies, the key is that the very process of trading credit actually creates money. Changes were taking place in rural economies too. In a functional sense, spillover was founded on the belief that contemporary economies were based upon a tangle of interrelated sectors. The characteristics of electronics production and marketing seem to demand companies which can combine scale economies with quick-footed innovation. The large-scale factory, it should be emphasised, had not emerged because there were economies of scale in spinning and weaving. In developing economies these two propositions are not incompatible. In advanced economies the cheque and associated electronic transfer techniques have become the chief means of payment in the business world. Most of the large banks employ trade promotion experts who can give information on local economies and trading practices. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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