| 词汇 | example_english_earnings-related |
| 释义 | Examples of earnings-relatedThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. More practically, people already have accumulated rights to both the basic and earnings-related pension. The proposal is particularly attractive for countries considering reforms to earnings-related systems that have accumulated a large implicit pension debt. Among those on low incomes, a high share of income from an earnings-related pension had a significant and positive effect in both countries. When mildly earnings-related ('graduated') state pensions were introduced in 1961, members of such schemes were allowed to 'contract out' in return for lower contributions. The choice of a largely flat-rate state pension system rather than one with a significant amount of earnings-related provision is related to two institutional factors. The traditional social democratic approach of a compulsory state earnings-related pension had been decisively defeated at the 1996 party conference and did not re-emerge. While earnings-related benefits reproduce past income inequalities, unequal coverage exacerbates them. The data presented here shows that unions have not been very successful in protecting earnings-related benefits from cutbacks. There was an earlier state earnings-related pension - the graduated pension introduced in 1961. Minimum pensions form part of the rules of secondtier, earnings-related provision. For the alternative types of earnings-related scheme - points systems and notional accounts - it is simple to calculate an effective accrual rate. More of them were employed, more of them enjoyed social insurance benefits including a state-earnings-related pension. We focus on the earnings-related pension scheme which is statutory. The paper starts by reviewing the characterization of the sustainable rate of return of an earnings-related pension system with pay-as-you-go financing. By the late 1970s, each country operated a similarly structured programme: a contribution-based, earnings-related public pension scheme covering most of the working population. The earnings-related pension is now less generous, but this type of pension remains firmly within the public sector. By earnings-related we refer to systems where the pension is essentially a function of past earnings. The significance of income composition on income mobility was analysed using the share of total income from an earnings-related pension. Pension benefits tended to be conceived as a form of deferred salary and this largely explains their contribution-based and earnings-related nature. Bismarckian pension systems are characterised by state provision of earnings-related benefits to eligible workers. In contrast, under an earnings-related model benefits depend on previous earnings and tend to reproduce the patterns of income distribution existing before retirement. First, we should be very careful in transforming unemployment compensation systems based on earnings-related insurance benefits towards means-tested systems, if our aim is to avoid poverty among the unemployed. The state would pay the gap, if anything, deriving from the amount of the earnings-related scheme (as if they had not contracted out) minus the amount of occupational scheme. If the earnings-related system is financially self-sustainable, then the value of reserves should never be negative - or at least not for an extended period of time. In part this will have occurred because of the lack of an earnings-related state pension and in part will have partially mitigated the need for such a policy. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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