| 词汇 | example_english_division-of-labour |
| 释义 | Examples of division of labourThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The combined effect was increasing specialization and divisionoflabour, in particular, a gradual separation of weaving from wool production and wool trade. They can also be based on a differing position in the structures of the divisionoflabour, for example public sector versus private sector employment. The old welfare was built around national standards, uniform provision, codification, the reconciliation of market and welfare and a gendered divisionoflabour. A certain degree of divisionoflabour took place in the production of cigarettes, but not in the production of cigars and limpiones. These were countries that functioned as plantation economies within the international divisionoflabour, supplying tropical agricultural products to industrialised metropolitan countries. Central to this idea was the perception of a non-rational or redundant divisionoflabour between industry and artisans. In part, this reflects a natural divisionoflabour whereby older and married men stayed out of the firing line. Thirdly, the opinion leader theory states that there is a necessary divisionoflabour about knowledge and that people take advice from their knowledgeable associates. While employers and male workers make a clear distinction between men's work and women's work, the divisionoflabour is not rigid at all. In a kind of divisionoflabour, certain factions are 'responsible' for particular policy fields. This evidence can be used to address general explanations about the gender divisionoflabour. Economic difference and the social divisionoflabour, though important sources of explanation in understanding many aspects of ' third ageism ', are insufficient. Under the work imperative, the musical divisionoflabour became rigidified. There emerged places noted for their special products, and clear interregional divisionoflabour developed. This contrasts with the weight of previous research regarding the impact of retirement on the divisionoflabour in the home. Inefficient structures with an inappropriate divisionoflabour are believed to be another source of high expenditure. But this was done by state support for women's care work and not by transforming the domestic divisionoflabour. The different levels distinguished are not intended to establish a divisionoflabour between, say, political scientists and political theorists. But such a divisionoflabour is only a part of the story. There is no incentive for the divisionoflabour. The results change if divisionoflabour is assumed, an observation which is common in agriculture. After the age of ten, a new life-cycle stage began with an even more clear divisionoflabour. Soviet urban society kept some elements of the traditional divisionoflabour and duties between the genders. It produces its own varied social relations - in performance, in musical associations and ensembles, in the musical divisionoflabour. Divisionoflabour did not destroy skill: it limited its field of expression to a particular task, but within those limits it increased it. The result is a divisionoflabour between the different constructions, largely following the isomorphic principle of 'one meaning one form'. Thus, this evidence generally supports theories of industrialization - as these explanations suggest, the overall gender divisionoflabour was low in this preindustrial society. A gendered divisionoflabour in household tasks is clearly demonstrated. The medieval ie of each social class had a divisionoflabour which assigned official duties to the husband and household duties to the wife. The same could be said for the sections on food-shortages, 'shirkers' and the gendered divisionoflabour. A complementary divisionoflabour has been identified. Thus, for example, the importance of industrialization for economic growth and development is an extension of the inter-firm divisionoflabour argument. Paradoxically, the global divisionoflabour can in some cases increase local involvement. All these consequences of the divisionoflabour would perhaps require broader treatment compared to the barely two pages they are allotted here. This source helps to provide the kind of historical evidence necessary to address theoretical arguments about the divisionoflabour in historical contexts. A third aspect of the relationship, and one which has attracted more attention from sociologists, is the household divisionoflabour. Secondly, the impact of retirement on the domestic divisionoflabour was not a major concern. But overall, there was greater divisionoflabour in finer blankets. He was convinced from the outset that the only efficient means were the divisionoflabour and the separation of different processes. Women had a close involvement with long-distance trade and were part of a complementary gender divisionoflabour with a male bias. In the firms under consideration, there was explicit divisionoflabour, specialisation and departmentalisation, indicating a formal organisation structure. These changes may be conceptualised as a replacement of the classical international divisionoflabour by a substantially different global one. This divisionoflabour continues in the professional popular music world. Both public decisions and the implementation of such decisions normally rely on some divisionoflabour between a principal and an agent. The neat divisionoflabour between trading nations in the 1930s has given way to a more complex set of trading relationships in the 1990s. These disadvantages have been underpinned by a rigid divisionoflabour. The principle is that agents can function more effectively in groups that are characterised by cooperation and divisionoflabour. This is put in the context of a reportedly typical gender divisionoflabour, whereby men prepare land and women cultivate it. Details surviving for one shipment reveal the 'divisionoflabour ' involved in the transaction. Traditionally, it was difficult for architectural practice to set up a true geographic divisionoflabour in order to take advantage of wage differentials. Nevertheless, some common characteristics of caravan organization and the divisionoflabour among caravan workers can be identified. However, the factors leading to the origin of this divisionoflabour is a moot point. Associated with the increased size of handloom workshops in some cases were changes in the divisionoflabour. Industry is subject to (limitless) increasing returns because of the possibilities of divisionoflabour and the associated productivity increases. Thirdly, the gender divisionoflabour and gender issues in general have not received adequate treatment in the three case studies. Crime, religion, agriculture, the gender divisionoflabour and clothing were especially targeted. Particular attention is devoted to the divisionoflabour within the household. Finally, we can consider the 'gender divisionoflabour' in households with different income levels. Furthermore, little research explicitly compares men's and women's tasks to examine the gender divisionoflabour. This gives ample opportunities for cooperation, divisionoflabour and conflicts, whether between individuals of the same species or those of different species. During the foundation of the unitary state, a divisionoflabour was created that is still more or less in operation today. The so-called classical international divisionoflabour has received relatively little direct analytical attention. This has clear positive effects in terms of divisionoflabour and specialization in the generation of new knowledge on the demand side. The specific ' 'divisionoflabour' ' between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism is demonstrated below. The continuous struggle for financial thresholds as criteria for the divisionoflabour between the national and the supranational level illustrates these efforts. There was a formal structure with a clear divisionoflabour between the officers and the men. Traces of the divisionoflabour can also be found in probate registers, in court records and in official documents. These mechanisms trigger increased levels of incentives for research activities, with clear positive effects on divisionoflabour in generating new technological knowledge, specialization, and productivity of knowledge-generating activities. This divisionoflabour was a logical consequence of the liberal ideology according to which one had to be able to support oneself in order to be a genuine citizen. The institution of representation establishes a place in the divisionoflabour for the political entrepreneur. The divisionoflabour between the federal and regional level implies that decisions on policies and corresponding implementation structures are taken at different levels of the political system. The divisionoflabour by gender implies that women participate in the labour force less than men and that most work fewer hours per week and for fewer years. The second part deals with the divisionoflabour and duties inside urban households. I think this is a problem since she is colluding in a gendered divisionoflabour and only recognising that which men normally do as valuable. The source of the productivity increases are due to the different impacts of increasing divisionoflabour and the consequent change in techniques and organization of production. Studies of care-giver selection have typically included individuals' commitments and resources, whereas some studies of the household divisionoflabour have examined spouses' relative resources or commitments. Thus, even when there are changes after retirement, they are negligible and superficial, and do not substantially change the divisionoflabour that has prevailed before retirement. Though norms that frowned upon weaving by women apparently did exist in some communities, these were hardly so strong as to enforce a completely rigid gender divisionoflabour. Throughout the region, there appears to have been a strong normative tendency toward the development of a divisionoflabour within the family based upon age and gender. However, often missing from treatments that focus on women's history is an analysis of the gender divisionoflabour, that is, an explicit comparison of men's and women's activities. Questions included what hobbies they had pursued together, what the divisionoflabour had been, what they had done separately, whether they had argued, and so on. Our approach, analogous to that used by studies of the household divisionoflabour, has been to assess the division of care between adult-child care-givers and their spouses. At the inter-firm level, divisionoflabour could take the form of the capacity for specialization in different branches of production, and the emergence of specific industries. The divisionoflabour along gender and age lines appears to have been similiar to that in more independent households, and most family members were involved in production. In the face of increasing returns, divisionoflabour can take place at an inter-firm level and cause firms to become specialized in some stages of a long production process. The message is surely obvious: market relations are between equals, and so allow us to achieve the benefits of the divisionoflabour with dignity and self-respect. While the archival evidence presented below cannot explain the divisionoflabour at all points in individuals' life courses, it does provide explicitly comparative information about men and women. In households, the continuing gender divisionoflabour suggests that women's voice is weaker, and their lower incomes may give them less say in major decisions than men. This took effect in the 1970s, when both a new divisionoflabour between state and local authorities was implemented (1970), and another social reform was implemented (1976). The vision is of the deployment of a half-a-dozen or so reviews, each with a clear divisionoflabour in terms of the analytic question/decision point under synthesis. Providers and insurers have to agree on the volume of future services within certain rules regarding the local population size, previous contracts and the divisionoflabour between local providers. The notion of a classical international divisionoflabour only really came into use once the emergence of a new international division of labour was proclaimed in the early 1970s. This largely reflects the divisionoflabour between the two bodies alluded to earlier, and it makes for marked differences in their respective intellectual and social climates. But such a divisionoflabour has consequences for nursing as an occupational group, underwriting the handmaiden characterisation of the work, denying it independence and authority. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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