| 词汇 | example_english_distractor |
| 释义 | Examples of distractorThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The distractor's illusory jump to the left is filled in because it is the motion that must have occurred, assuming the stability of the target and the world. Hermans et al. observed that the phonological facilitation of spoken distractor words in picture naming may occur across the languages of bilingual speakers. Other models of the control of spoken word production predict a different time course of the distractor effect. The presentation of the distractor word increases the activation of its corresponding lexical node. In the picture-word interference paradigm, distractor words are thought to activate semantic representations directly (via an input orthographic lexicon). Consider, for example, the effects of distractor words on picture naming latencies. In this task, participants are asked to name a picture and to ignore a superimposed distractor word. The activation reached by the lexical node corresponding to a semantically related distractor ("cat") is higher than that of a semantically unrelated distractor ("cap"). They are also more likely to name the distractor when it is in the language required for production. The visually presented distractor words were bare nouns that were not overtly marked for gender. In the experimental session participants were instructed to name the pictures as quickly as possible, while ignoring the distractor words. The first three trials in each block cor responded to three different warm-up filler pictures that appeared with unrelated distractor words. Negative priming occurs when the prime trial distractor button becomes the critical trial target button. In this task, participants are asked to name a picture that appears more or less coincident with a written or spoken "distractor" word. A semantic relationship between a picture and a distractor word slows picture naming relative to an unrelated condition. Each item has a key (the correct answer) and three distractors (incorrect answer choices). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In its final form, each question includes one correct answer and several distractors. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The distractors are incorrect answers that are usually (but not always) based on students' commonly held misconceptions. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The present paradigm offers the opportunity to isolate specific distractor features (identity, location) for independent examination. Each word is paired with a synonym together with a distractor item. First, there was the type of distractor most suited to the participants: distractors semantically related to the stimulus word versus semantically non-related distractors. On the efficiency of visual selective attention : efficient visual search leads to inefficient distractor rejection. An important mechanism for selecting the target for conscious awareness and action is to inhibit the internal representations of the competing distractor. Finally, on the fourth trial a variant on this second novel object was presented along with the unlabelled novel distractor. In the next trial, a variant of the original target stimulus was presented along with a second, completely novel distractor and two familiar items. In heterogeneous conditions each of the five distractor chromaticities was randomly assigned to two stimuli in the display with one exception. However, when the distractors were similar to each other and from the same semantic category his functioning decreased significantly. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. While performing these exercises, novel visual distractors were presented. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Participants are presented with word pairs among distractors. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The strength of activation of competitors is increased by the presentation of a semantically related distractor word. In contrast, implicit tasks provide instructions that engage subjects in a distractor task that is only indirectly reflective of the process to be examined. Participants were presented with a randomized list of all forty of the test and distractor words. When selecting distractor connectives, the most important criterion was to ensure that the foil did not make sense in the context of the cloze item. Finally, trials for which participants did not know the correct translation of the distractor were also removed (4.9%). In total, all distractor words appeared twice in each block. Schriefers manipulated the gender information between distractor and target name. The recognition test consisted of 48 words, 24 targets and 24 distractors. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Participants pointed to a target appearing in isolation or concurrently with a distractor. The distractor could appear either in front of or beyond the target. The inclusion of the filler picture-word pairs reduced to half the percentage of trials in which the distractor and the picture were related. The distractor words in this phase were different from those used in the experiment proper. The distractor words included in the semantically related and unrelated conditions were neither phonologically nor orthographically related to the picture name or its translation. However, it is possible that distractor words exert their effects at different levels of representation. Consider the situation in which there is a target and a distractor. The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces. The distractor card had a different color sticker. One distractor was similar to the target word in sound; the other two distractors were derived from the same domain. Of interest, therefore, is the much simpler phenomenon of the distractor effect. To compare the role of distal and retinotopic parameters, distractor effect - an optomotor reaction of midbrain origin - is considered. With its reaction time of only 100 msec, the distractor effect is the fastest optomotor reaction in humans. Participants were instructed that the probe word was a distractor stimulus to be ignored, and no response was to be made to it. When a distractor was near a target, responding to the target was slowed. Distractor items were drawn from either the same domain as the target (a low contrast condition) or from a contrasting domain (a high contrast condition). Each of the target patterns was presented in reverse order and paired with distractor patterns that differed in form but not colour. A short mathematical distractor task was presented after presentation of the study list. At this time, they mentally block out all other pens as distractors to aid in closing in on just the red pen. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. When we pay attention to a particular stimulus, we perceive other stimuli surrounding the target as distractors in order to help focus. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In all trials, subjects were required to choose the target stimulus in a four-alternative forced-choice procedure between the correct pattern, and three ' distractor ' patterns. Two recognition sheets were prepared, each including the 16 words of the corresponding recognition list mixed with 16 distractor words of equivalent length and frequency. Thus, most children were able to retain and extend the just-learned map even when a novel distractor was present. Touches to the target image produced a unique, reinforcing, auditory signal but touches to the distractor did not. Because of this (single-word unit) constraint, only 26 (out of 65) pairs of distractor-correct answer are used. Thus, we may be able to measure transparency using distractor tasks to load the player or audience. In these experiments, participants named the pictures in their first language while hearing first-language distractor words. In these studies participants have to name a picture while ignoring a distractor word. To tackle this question, the use of experimental contexts in which distractor words from the non-response language are presented is far from ideal. As a consequence, a semantically related distractor produces more interference than an unrelated distractor. In addition, it is possible that our distractor task did not involve processes that interfered with sentence memory. On the receptive association task, if a distractor was circled, it was subtracted from the number of nativelike responses given. Targets differed from distractors along a line that was approximately or thogonal to the line from which distractor chromaticities were selected. Thus, experiment 2 was divided into eight blocks, each containing four experimental items, four distractor items, and four fillers. Questions were distributed evenly across experimental, distractor, and filler sentences. When participants returned a week later, they engaged in another distractor task with the researcher and completed the second posttest. The original inhibition account proposed that inhibition occurs only when the distractors are suppressed. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The effectiveness of inhibiting the interferences depends on the cognitive control mechanism as a higher number of distractors yields higher load on working memory. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Selective attention is the ability to respond to a specific object when there are other distractors that also compete for a response. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The arrays also included two distractor items that shared no recognizable similarity with any of the other pictures. Table 3 shows the two orders of the target objects, along with the distractor objects used on each trial. The distractors chosen by students help researchers understand student thinking and give instructors insights into students' prior knowledge (and, sometimes, firmly held beliefs). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The receptive task was the same, except that there was also a distractor association. Active maintenance in prefrontal area 46 creates distractor-resistant memory. Observers searched for a single target stimulus that differed in chromaticity from nine distractor stimuli. The second mechanism is the unconscious process of searching for the appraisal, and when finding one, it alerts the conscious mechanism to find more distractors. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. If the target does not match the preceding target or distractor, this implies a mismatch, so that new formcolor bindings have to be formed. However, if the target matches the preceding distractor - thus, the same form comes up in a new color - this implies a partial feature match. The links may manifest as avoidance (distractor inhibition) or attraction (automatic correction) in the trajectory of the hand. Supposedly, the response to the distractor needed to be suppressed before responding to the target. A random strategy would be shown by equal performance on each of the different distractor types. Segmental strategies would be shown by good performance on all of the different distractor types. The filler trials cor responded to 24 new pictures that appeared with unrelated distractor words. The role of "distractor words" in the simple naming tasks performed by bilinguals is assumed by the target noun's translation in the non-response language. In this paradigm, participants are asked to name a picture while ignoring the presentation of a distractor word. During each trial, spoken distractor words were presented. The other stimulus component, the distractor, must be ignored. The test also included 14 distractor sentences (7 logical and 7 illogical) using other tenses. By manipulating the relationship between the distractor word and the picture, different effects can be observed. In the case of picture-word stimuli, this would be the response engendered by the distractor word. One way to test this possibility would be to train participants extensively with the distractor words prior to the experiment proper. A phonological relation between picture name and spoken distractor word reduces the interference. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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