| 词汇 | example_english_discount |
| 释义 | Examples of discountThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. While this possibility cannot be totally discounted without further study, there are some indications that children were quite attentive to function in our studies. A key difference between the models is the way in which the utility of actions is discounted over time. While it is possible that the coalified surfaces acted as nucleation sites, the possibility that the spheres are organosilicates cannot be discounted. In effect, the lowered premiums, enriched benefit packages, and reduced cost-sharing characteristic of early managed care products could no longer be 'financed' by provider discounts. In a position that discounts partnership as undesirable or unachievable? The average gross fee (before discounts) was 1.11 % for equity funds, 0.70 % for mixed and life-cycle funds and 0.60 % for fixed-income funds. The expected present discounted value of the pension equals $280,000, so half of the household's wealth is pre-annuitized. In order to ensure non-arbitrage in the capital market, the sequence of discounts must satisfy a further condition. Note that, because < 1, the variables of the second period are discounted. Such an attempt discounts the possibility that the ideas that emerged in a different place might have had a different genealogy. First, quarterly models entail more small negative idiosyncratic shocks over time that are discounted less heavily than if no shocks occurred for 5 years. The critical feature here is the presence of time discounting together with trade frictions stemming from the restriction on coalition formation. 10. Thus, a trade union might offer discounts on holidays to its members, and threaten non-members with ostracism. Even with discounted bus fares for retired people, some respondents said they could not afford the expensive fares for short distances. Although she noted her father's concerns, this woman suggested that she had discounted his perspective, and had continually struggled to lower her weight. In fact, many entrepreneurs prefer to pay cash in order to get discounts. Conservatism works by placing relatively more reliance on episodic/ rote support and discounting the influences of analogic pressure. The general public, it seems, discounted the views of such writers and embraced instead the more commonly expressed negative image of old age. The personal qualities-competence, sense of justice, etc.- of monarchs were certainly not discounted as factors of importance. Perhaps some, if not all, altruistic behavior can be understood in terms of socially discounted extrinsic reinforcement. Reinforcement may thus be socially discounted; that is, the reinforcing efficacy of a positive outcome occurring to another person may decrease as social distance increases. Anything discounted at a rate of 3-6 per cent becomes meaningless after 50-100 years. Furthermore, green accounting's welfare interpretation relies on discounting the utility of future generations, an unappealing feature to some. The value of patience has to be added to the discounted value of the consumption string. While the social importance of legal aid cannot be discounted, the trend of petitioning since 1951 shows no constant relationship to such provision. Page faults could be discounted since 'time' usually reported none. The actual values for the threshold are fairly arbitrary, and are affected by some of the other parameters: discounts for evaluated arguments and so on. The present discounted value of these future production and consumption streams can be computed from the other results of the model used. The firm's objective is to maximize the present discounted value of the dividend payments or, equivalently, its own equity price. The smallest incentive-compatible promised utility in this regime is the present discounted value of remaining in autarky permanently. Both inflows and outflows are discounted over the 10 years' period to reflect the time value of money. All costs and benefits were discounted, at a rate of 6 percent for costs and 1.5 percent for benefits (13). We choose to present these different combinations of discounting considering the existing controversies and lack of standardization in time preference analysis (30). Future benefits and costs are discounted at a rate of 5%. Because cost is expected up front and gains in life years occur in the future, discounting heavily devaluates the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic interventions (9). Neither costs nor benefits were discounted in this study. Costs were not discounted, because all costs considered were incurred upfront. Purchase costs distributed over estimated working life and discounted at 5% per annum. Notes were limited to twice capital stock paid-in and possessed, and loans and discounts to 2.5 times capital stock. We reviewed a sample of the primary literature on health economic evaluations to ascertain the current practice on discounting health effects and costs. In our study, costs are discounted at 3 percent and 5 percent over the 2-year (22-month) period of the study. Benefits and costs were discounted at 1 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Future costs and life-years were discounted to present values at annual rates of 6% (costs) (13) and 1.5% (life-years) (17). Future costs and health benefits were discounted at 3%. Because this study did not compare costs between 1984 and 1997, discounting was unnecessary. All costs and life-year gains (losses) were discounted at a rate of 5%. The maximum of 20 years reflects the effects of discounting the costs and outcomes over the life of the intervention. Three did not state that they discounted future costs and health effects. Can developmentally significant spatial patterning of the egg be discounted in mammals? The citizenry therefore discounts its pledges and instead focuses on its actual performance. If they are doing well its own perfor mance should be partly discounted but if they are doing badly it is credited accordingly. In addition, offering printed materials to customers is more effective than offering discounts for seconds/ canning quality or combining products into a package. Which individual lexical items must be discounted or at least analyzed separately? We have seen already that the standard formulation of the single-sector growth model with discounted utility fits this framework. The benefits are assumed to be linear in relative time saved, are additive and should be interpreted as the expected discounted sum. The substantial increases in income measures simply result from the fact that they are not discounted so heavily. The latter is an example of a neverexisting potential future person and, as was shown above, may be discounted in any balancing of competing interests. If the objective is discounted utility, putting any significance at all on whether the economy is sustained is, in any case, inconsistent. Given producers' price expectation, the optimal production decision is derived from the discounted equilibrium supply curve (13). They all grew out of an interest in the question of how costs and benefits should be discounted. Lack of growth in enterprises has been a major reason for discounting market women as entrepreneurs. No new bank, for example, would be permitted to make any loans or discounts until all of its authorized capital had been paid in. Most of the sources seem to be concerned with cost-effectiveness studies and therefore with discounting the volume of health effects. Costs were discounted at an annual rate of 5% (26). Sensitivity analysis: should be conducted to test robustness of results to a variation of assumptions, cost and outcome parameters, and discounting rate. Costs and consequences were discounted at a 6% rate. Annual note volume, as it pertains to the outcome measure, was discounted for years 2004-2006 at 3 percent (3). Subsequent years (2004-2006) were discounted at 3 percent (3). Costs and life-years were discounted by 4% per year (30). Back issues are available from 1975 with substantial discounts on volumes over two years old. In all conditions this observer discounted the test patch orientation for her lightness estimates. All four subjects substantially discounted the effect of changes in orientation. The observers partially discounted the actual gradient of light intensity with and without the specular spheres. Missing values refer to cases where more intensive eye care leads to a lower discounted value of realized sight gain. We discounted these earnings at a yearly rate of 3 percent to the present monetary value. There is thus an indication that there is some disagreement or uncertainty in the literature about whether all health effects should be discounted. Most studies appropriately estimated net costs (83%) and discounted future costs (73%). We have estimated the weight assigned to the modulation of quantum catches, discounting the mean. The cost is the present discounted value of future budgets after adjustments for lost opportunity costs and transfer payments (as indicated above). Interest in the future is confined to the welfare integral, and in that integral future generations' utility is discounted. Since we do not use an intertemporal utility function, we do not calculate discounted consumption. Consider the discounted utilitarian optimum that is implemented by means of a competitive path. Proposition 2 does not assume that dynamic welfare is discounted utilitarian. Of course, the economic benefit is also discounted (at rate r). Green net national product is an approximate index of welfare in a utilitarian economy which maximises future discounted utility flows. Assessing the advocacy of offering the discounts should include consideration of these factors. Initially, as a conservative starting point, suppose the postal service is at breakeven with no discounts and no presort volume. Potentially more interesting, however, is to view the discounts in terms of the responses they receive from mailers and the factors associated with those responses. Because simplicity and ease of administration are usually given some weight in rate setting, the number of worksharing discounts is limited. He promptly sees through the king and the duke, discounts their fictions, despises their bad acting. The maximum number of pits on a single example is eight, with an average of five for the total, discounting very small indentations. In particular, both the interest in receiving information about an economic transaction and the interest in receiving a fair exchange of values are generally discounted. There are further discounts for corporate licences and educational institutions. Also, aggregated labour input per hectare was discounted by 50%. The result provides insight into the meaning and limitations of solutions using discounted utility proposed by others. Like costs and timber revenues, carbon flows occurring at different points in time were discounted at 6 per cent per year. The authors test whether people who practice hyperbolic discounting know their tendencies and will be more likely to open such a commitment savings account. From these results, we can calculate the net present value of the aquifer by discounting the sum of scarcity rents calculated for each time period. When carrying out studies of fluctuating asymmetry in the field, it cannot be discounted that unmeasured or unconsidered factors may be affecting asymmetry. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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