| 词汇 | example_english_direct-object |
| 释义 | Examples of direct objectThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. A verb distribution is a vector of nouns that appears as the verb's directobject. If the human directobject is inherently without control, the genitive will be used. To account for sentences such as (2), the temporal nature of the directobject is considered ' incorporated ' in the verb. From the point of view of conveying meaning case marking on the following article is less essential than case marking on a directobject. In addition, there are ditransitive verbs that appear to be able to incorporate their notional directobject. Table 7 provides a summary of the children's use of directobject clitics. The implausibility of the filler as the directobject of the verb did not appear to trigger syntactic reanalysis. However, this verb is syntactically distinct from think, know, and say as it takes a directobject. Next, overbuild takes as its directobject a location, rather than what is built. They typically consist of a grammaticalized verb and a directobject. Indeed, an examination of our corpus of maternal speech revealed only two such sentences, both with the non-iconic directobject- instrument order. Subjects were more likely to express the affected object as the directobject of the novel verb. Crucially, the progress of the event denoted by the predicate could be inferred by inspecting the state of the directobject. The students in this group also received explicit information regarding directobject pronouns. Future research must establish the plausibility of a developmental difference between singular and plural forms within the definite article and directobject clitic systems. For definite articles and directobject clitics, the results were quite different. The grammatical function of some forms which may have different functions (indirect object\\directobject) is specified in brackets. Thus, all the words in the sentence prior to the directobject were one- or two-syllable words. If the subject refers to an inanimate entity affecting a human directobject, the genitive is obligatory for the directobject. These predicates are only verbal phrases that contain two nouns (subject and directobject) connected with a verb that specifies an existent relation between them. Also, directobject reading times over three seconds were timed out as errors and not included in the analysis. A similar (albeit weaker) preference for the structurally simpler directobject analysis was observed even for intransitive verbs. T : marks transitive verbs coded for directobject provision. He can also derive from the linguistic context that "pat" is a transitive verb that must take a directobject. Students were shown statements and questions with directobject nouns underlined on an overhead transparency. Moreover, 29 learners responded correctly to at least four of the five subject relative clauses without also doing as well on the directobject relatives. Finally, in example (17) the directobject precedes the verb and the indirect object follows it. For example, each cannot come after a noun used as a directobject (you cannot say / saw them each) but can after an indirect object. This model would work for huge numbers of noun phrases in the subject, directobject, indirect object and complement positions. The following passage nicely illustrates that the norm beyond which an action goes is quite distinct from the entity that appears as a directobject. That should lead to a predictability effect : superior directobject, verb, and subject imitation in predictable compared to unpredictable sentences. No child heard a subject, verb, or directobject more than once. Transitive verbs can take a directobject, whereas intransitive verbs cannot take a directobject. Here, "build" can take a directobject but "sleep" cannot. Both are complete sentences, yet they do not have a directobject. In contrast, these children will show less use of directobject clitics and, possibly, articles, than their typically developing peers. This percentage is considerably higher than was found for directobject clitic use in its common preverb position. Imperatives with such verbs in spoken contexts would also require a directobject. In example (15) it is the directobject which appears twice, once before the verb and once after the verb. This possibility reduced the reader's commitment to a directobject analysis, making a stop-making-sense judgment less likely to occur. For similar reasons, the noun referent for directobject clitics was not always apparent. The targeted relativization site was a directobject. Let us now turn to cases in which the directobject is separated from its -marking verb, to see what they can show us. In these instances, the directobject serves to add information to the manner of the action of the verb. The crossing paths formed by these instances of movement correctly yield the rigid ordering of subject-indirect object-directobject. I will limit myself here to two indices of frequentative meaning, directobject number and co-occurring locative type. The control of focus in the stimuli was also designed to prevent scrambling of the directobject or other arguments. Each remaining utterance was coded for the presence or absence of a directobject argument. They also show that the conceptual status of the directobject has consequences for how the child processes the sentence as a whole. To this end, we counted all instances where the directobject preceded a verb, finite or nonfinite. They are the syntactic subject, directobject and indirect object of the verb. A directobject, being internal to the activity/state expressed by the verb, specifies various types of the same activity/state. In contrast, it is clear how the directobject entity is involved, and what happens to it, namely, it undergoes the specified change of state. Correct answers were given and explained to the students, but the production of directobject pronouns was not elicited. The placement of the directobject pronoun within the sentence was explained to them. Students were then given a series of sentences and asked to identify the directobject pronoun in each one. Twenty-six of the 30 phrases consist of a verb followed by its directobject. As seen in section 3, 0 is extremely rare in restrictive subject relativization, but is by far the commonest alternative in restrictive directobject relatives. These include subject, directobject, numeral and various demonstrative suffixes. This prediction was tested with respect to the children's use of subject and directobject arguments in obligatory contexts. The subject argument is agentive and the locative phrase is predicated of the directobject argument just as in instances that entail prototypical caused motion. Articles, directobject clitics, and noun plural forms were also coded. Several productions of indirect object clitics were noted in directobject clitic contexts. Of course, in these experiments the following word provided immediate disambiguating information, ruling out the directobject analysis. At the verb the filler would be immediately interpreted as the directobject and theme, regardless of plausibility. Of particular interest is the heritability of r as it was the directobject of selection. Analogous to (i) is (ii), which has an o marked directobject and an o marked locative of extent. One obvious issue that needs to be addressed is how the matrix directobject, when present, avoids being a potential target for genitive case. Clitics have a fixed syntactic position and may be reflexive, impersonal or mark a directobject. An indirect object is a dative object and a directobject is non-dative. The positional case markers (subject, directobject and indirect object) were also included in the case marker list. These lexico-syntactic clues are either lexical (for example, a preposition that introduces a prepositional phrase) or positional (subject, directobject, indirect object). Each of these will require the directobject to be found. We define the verb distribution as containing binary value, '1' if each noun occurs as its directobject, and '0' otherwise. There were two sentences to choose from, which varied the role the referents took as subject or directobject. All subject and directobject arguments fitting the above criteria were coded for (1) the form and (2) the pragmatic information/referential status. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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