| 词汇 | archaea |
| 释义 | archaea noun[ plural ] biology specialized(alsoArchaea)uk /ɑːˈkiː.ə/ us /ɑːrˈkiː.ə/ a type of microorganism(= extremely small living thing) similar to bacteria but with a different structure, thought to have existed for billions of years: 古菌 Archaea have an ancient lineage, splitting off from bacteria probably about 2 billion years ago. 古菌溯源久远，与细菌分支大约发生在二十亿年前。 Learning more about Archaea could answer questions about the origins of life on Earth. 对古菌有更多的了解可以回答有关地球生命起源的问题。 In the archaea, there is no nucleus. Archaea are part of the intestinal flora of humans and float in pockets of pressurized water in the Earth's crust. As much as 10 percent of the Earth's biomass lives below ground, including single-celled bacteria called archaea that feed on decaying matter. There are some Archaea that are only found in coal heaps, which makes you wonder what they did before we started mining coal. The researchers found that two litres of seawater contained nearly 37,000 different kinds of bacteria and nearly 3,000 types of archaea, ancient single-celled organisms. Bacteria, moulds, germs & viruses abacterial acquired immune deficiency syndrome acquired immunodeficiency syndrome adenovirus aerobe amoeba bacteriology fly agaric germicidal germophobe gnotobiotic Gram-negative listeria microbe probiotic reindeer moss respiratory syncytial virus retroviral root rot rotavirus Examples of archaeaarchaea Natural communities of novel archaea and bacteria growing in cold sulfurous springs with a string-of-pearls like morphology. We have tested growth and survival of two heterotrophic archaea under relevant in situ conditions. The latter two clone groups apparently represent widely distributed archaea in benthic marine sediments and the subsurface. Despite the unfavourable life conditions, permafrost is colonized by high numbers of viable microorganisms, including methanogenic archaea. The cell envelope structures were one of the first biochemical characteristics of archaea studied in detail. Early radiation of the archaea at least may be consistent with geological evidence. Modern archaea-planctomycete microbial associations may perhaps provide a model for early sediment communities. In situ metabolism of methanogenic archaea explains the increase in methane at these depths. The vacuum conditions and low temperatures of outer space need not prove lethal, as freeze-drying bacteria and archaea can actually increase their longevity. Extremely halophilic archaea were isolated from ancient salt sediments and were shown to represent novel species. The methanogenic archaea (former archaebacteria) - regarded as strictly anaerobic microbes - are considered as one of the first organisms who settled our planet under extreme conditions. The missing link between archaea and eukaryotes is provided by some primitive eukaryotes. As archaeal translation is related to eukaryotic translation, statements about eukaryotes will be assumed throughout this review to apply to archaea as well and vice versa, unless otherwise specified. Among the discoveries that have resulted, it is found that the kingdom of archaea comprises two subgroups : euryarchaeota, which - remarkably - contain histone-like proteins, and chrenarchaeota, which do not. In this review, we summarize the available structural and functional data on translation initiation in the context of evolution, drawing parallels between eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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