| 词汇 | example_english_deleterious |
| 释义 | Examples of deleteriousThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. On the three methods for estimating deleterious genomic mutation parameters. Both contemporary fears about the deleterious effects of intervention and academic assumptions about state control of the elderly seem misplaced. Any exercise of the animal propensities, for whatever purpose, would have deleterious consequences in all aspects of life. Conditions on these exoplanets are likely to be inhospitable or extremely deleterious to life as we know it. A second reason is that indirect selection may be more efficient, whether it acts on favored alleles (genetic hitchhiking) or on deleterious mutations (background selection). Put otherwise, in a context in which there are unequal power relations, a deleterious homogenisation seems likely, if not inevitable. However, in the same way as pathological fear and anxiety are debilitating, excessive or prolonged sickness behaviour may be deleterious. A less common, and more deleterious, mechanism of spontaneous closure is prolapse of the aortic alve into the defect. If this means genetic linkage, that can sometimes explain the presence of deleterious traits. However, there are no reports of deleterious effects in human fetuses. Broadly speaking, greater self-fertilization decreases element number under deleterious insertion and increases element number with regulation through ectopic exchange. Deleterious mutations, apparent stabilizing selection and the maintenance of quantitative variation. Deleterious mutations in a hybrid zone : can mutational load decrease the barrier to gene flow ? One possible explanation for this discrepancy is synergistic epistasis among the fitness effects of deleterious mutations. Thus, the masking effect of a wild-type allele does not appear to be very strong when weakly deleterious mutations are considered. Dominance of deleterious mutations in yeast has previously been estimated. Under the assumptions that all mutations are deleterious, freely recombining and show no epistasis, this result is unexpected. The detection of significant ancestral inbreeding increased to up to 89% of replicates when alleles were mildly deleterious. Both genetic conflicts and deleterious mutations may thus induce transmission bias that could be exacerbated in males. Inbreeding depression due to mildly deleterious mutations in finite populations : size does matter. A mutation is favourable if it takes the population closer to the optimum and deleterious if it takes the population further from the optimum. However, there was still scepticism that inbreeding was deleterious in wildlife. The time scale necessary to reach the new equilibrium basically depends on the magnitude of deleterious effects and the mode of selection. To test this, some runs were done with additive effects of the deleterious mutations. Estimation of deleterious genomic mutation parameters in natural populations by accounting for variable mutation effects across loci. We allowed the population to reach equilibrium, with regard to the frequency of deleterious alleles, with a fixed selfing rate. We were therefore under the genomic deleterious mutation framework with no constraint on the total number of mutable loci in the genome. The deleterious mutation parameter assumed in this study are also in dispute. The number of deleterious loci assumed (5800) in this study may be implausibly small for real organisms. Contamination of the genome by very slightly deleterious mutations : why have we not died 100 times over ? We assume that all mutations segregating in the population are equally deleterious and have equivalent fitness effects in heterozygotes. Deleterious mutations should not reach substantial frequencies unless selection is very weak. Two alternative selection regimes were used, in addition to the selection just described against deleterious mutations. 138 as the amount of decline in mean fitness through deleterious mutations gets larger, the non-genetic decline becomes relatively less relevant. Each distribution of deleterious mutations is calculated as the mean of 100 independent simulations, where the distribution was measured at multiple time points. Possibly, recombination suppression has lasted for enough time, and effective sizes have been small enough, that haplotypes have fixed highly deleterious mutations. To establish whether the transgene was deleterious, caesarean section was performed in subsequent experiments immediately before the expected time of birth. The deleterious effect of low reading skill (and its motivational consequences) on learning through reading creates readers who lack knowledge of all sorts. One hypothesis is that most variants contributing to quantitative phenotypic variation are deleterious and are quickly removed from a population by natural selection. I neglect indels in this discussion, assuming that their mutational effects are usually so strongly deleterious that they are deterministically removed by purifying selection. Therefore, most beneficial mutations can be expected to compensate for deleterious mutations directly at the molecular level. Obviously the equilibrium level of deleterious mutations will be much lower in recombining genomes. In order to mitigate the deleterious consequences of foreign inuence, imperial subjects needed only to be returned to the true path. A deleterious influence of emotional and conceptual phenomena on chronic pain is well recognised. First, because it estimates the frequencies of genotypes from control chambers, it controls for any deleterious effects of genetic markers on viability. Occasionally, the presence of larvae stimulates the granuloma formation responsible for the deleterious effects of ocular toxocariasis. However, the censuring of lifestyle choices associated with deleterious health consequences appears to many as moralising couched in medical terms. Rapid release of soluble form of the molecules could serve to neutralize deleterious antibodies. More specifically, if students are prone to take criticism very personally, perhaps this may have a deleterious effect on their music education. A second event that results in further depletion of energy is deleterious. Interactions between commitment and the containment dimensions generally showed that the most deleterious combination, as expected, was low commitment and low containment. In fact, one study has provided results that suggest purging may be deleterious. If redistribution of proteasome components into inclusions depletes the neuron of functional proteolytic activity, the results could be deleterious. The constitutive expression of the transgene seems to have a deleterious effect on the developing embryos. Under the ' deleterious ' model, element insertions disrupt gene function and therefore decrease organism fitness. Unfortunately, this is consistent with both deleterious insertion and ectopic exchange. Test of synergistic interactions amongst deleterious mutations in bacteria. Mutation-selection balance can be efficient in explaining the process of gene substitution only if one of these deleterious alleles acquires a relatively high selective advantage. Can chromosomal heterosis be explained by deleterious recessive genes ? Here we study the effect of population size on the inbreeding depression caused by mildly deleterious alleles. The studies used a technique which would result in 33n33 % ' wild-type ' homozygotes for a given wild chromosome if it lacked any deleterious alleles. If genetic variation in flower size is not caused by unconditionally deleterious mutations, there should be an immediate response to selection. If deleterious mutations tend to be more recessive than beneficial mutations, we will score a higher proportion of the beneficial than the deleterious mutations. The same mutations, scored in homozygotes, might very well be deleterious. Only deleterious mutations (positive s values) were assumed for the effects on fitness, and lethal mutations were not included in the analysis. On the three different methods for estimating deleterious genomic mutation parameters. Negative response values demonstrate deleterious effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on crop yields if applied without other nutrients or lime. We found that the model has low statistical power when inbreeding depression is caused by the build-up of mildly deleterious alleles. In our experiment, severely deleterious mutations were likely to be eliminated when forming the clonal lines. Fixation for a haplotype corresponds to fixation of a deleterious allele at a particular locus. The deleterious effects of drying on membranes decreased during seed development. As soon as they were identified, seedlings were removed or transplanted to individual pots, in order to avoid deleterious effects between seedlings. The seasonal rapid growth of the herbaceous understorey vegetation would further compound any deleterious effects of termite piping and/or poor tree health. Thus, the narrator emphasizes that the portrait comprises a highly deleterious interpretation of its female subject. Disruption in the expression pattern of one of many cell cycle regulators would have a deleterious effect on developmental potential. The first is the tendency of investigators to generalize from studies of rare single gene mutations with deleterious behavioral effects to more normal situations. In asexuals the whole genome is linked and thus only favourable mutations that arise in genomes with no deleterious mutations have substantial pfix values. A small number (say, 100) of individuals drawn at random from the large population generally have different sets of loci with deleterious mutations. Mutation to deleterious alleles is, therefore, probably not the sole source of the variation that underlies inbreeding depression. However, this may be an artefact, as accumulation of deleterious mutations will increase the chance of loss of specific lines. Natural selection may reduce the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles in populations previously subjected to inbreeding. The effects of drift on inbreeding depression may bias some estimates of the genomic rate of deleterious mutation. Moreover, because natural selection is less effective in old age, many deleterious late-acting genes may reach high frequencies at mutation-selection balance. Thirdly, at the same expected level of inbreeding, selection causes the realized level of inbreeding at deleterious loci to vary among populations of different sizes. The reproductive capacity of a species is also important in determining the dynamics of deleterious mutations and their population-level consequences in small populations. The above mutation parameters refer to deleterious mutants which are not lethal when homozygous individually. The trajectory for mean fitness as random mutations accumulate is generally one of decay because many more mutations are deleterious than are beneficial. On the other hand, our method is insensitive to bias and heteroscedasticity, both of which have a significant deleterious effect on the naive method. An energy window was chosen to optimize the 'figure of merit' and the deleterious effects of potential drift of window size or position. However, the ability of urokinase-generated mactinin to enhance proteolysis might be deleterious. Efforts to prevent the deleterious consequences of maltreatment are thus of critical importance. However, they do not consider the extent to which the co-occurrence of these disorders defines a particularly deleterious context for child development. Taken together, these results underscore the deleterious impact that maltreatment experiences have on competent functioning and attest to the nontransient nature of their influence. However, maltreated children's resulting hypervigilance for aggressive stimuli may have deleterious effects on their information processing in nonthreatening conditions. Nonetheless, maltreatment with an onset during preschool was found to have profound deleterious effects. When work is of poor quality, long working hours may have deleterious consequences for personal development. Children who experience severe and frequent maltreatment are in serious danger of powerful and prolonged deleterious impacts on their functioning. The second domain includes both deleterious conditions of crime, danger, and drugs as well as residents' views of the qualities and characteristics of their neighbors. Coastal zones are highly favoured for settlements by human communities, with often deleterious effects for offshore marine communities. As yet it is not clear if this fitness cost is caused by the mutation itself or associated deleterious mutations. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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