| 词汇 | example_english_cross-subsidization |
| 释义 | Examples of cross-subsidizationThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. This clearly reduces the strategic motives for cross-subsidization by eliminating traditional predation. This would also make deliberate cross-subsidization relevant to private multiservice firms with significant market power in some markets. In this case, cross-subsidization is merely a means for financing predatory pricing. Predatory and non-profit motivated cross-subsidization, although based on a benevolent motive, will of course still be damaging to competitors. Even so, there might still be welfare effects from cross-subsidization due to its efficiency as a funding mechanism. These organizations are able to get high-quality labour at low wages, not because their low wages select workers with self-sacrificing preferences, but because of cross-subsidization. Instead, the public firm would continue its low price policy and finance the loss by continued cross-subsidization. The observed relationship therefore provides evidence of cross-subsidization between different risk categories. In the private sector, cross-subsidization occurs within firms that allow some of their services to be sold at less than incremental cost. Based on the three types of cross-subsidy definitions, we developed a framework for classifying cases of cross-subsidization according to underlying motivation and effect on competition. However, implicit cross-subsidization cannot be financially sustainable in a competitive insurance market. Indeed, they result in a cross-subsidization of high-risk, high-income individuals by low-risk, low-income individuals. In other cases, the cause of inadvertent cross-subsidization might be more fundamental, as in multiservice firms with high sunk costs and low variable costs such as telecommunications. In conclusion, this most restrictive type of cross-subsidy definition limits the reasons for cross-subsidization to either be an information problem or a non-profit motive as discussed earlier. Most definitions of cross-subsidization are more restrictive, however, in that they implicitly or explicitly include revenues and require that losses on one service are funded through profits from another. Through cross-subsidization, hospitals maintain support of services such as emergency, trauma, and burn care, which are more costly and which also are more heavily utilized by uninsured and underinsured patients. However, cross-subsidization may also take place inadvertently, for instance due to weak management accounting systems, possibly because of managerial limitations or because they are not judged cost-effective. Our focus is limited to deliberate cross-subsidization. There must be no cross-subsidization of the various types of transport. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English The company was kept as a subsidiary to avoid cross-subsidization of the subsidized routes. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Urban tariffs for unmetered domestic users are set according to the category of housing (low, medium and high costs) for purposes of cross-subsidization. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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