| 词汇 | example_english_coronal |
| 释义 | Examples of coronalThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The intrusive j is superscripted to show that the preceding coronals are palatalized. Consequently, dorsals are more difficult to voice than coronals. Stops followed by non-coronals should be more difficult than stops followed by coronals. Consonants followed by coronals were not identified any better than consonants followed by non-coronals. Interestingly, however, the results show that releases are most important for dorsals, followed by coronals and then labials. An additional ' sharp ' locus subdivides coronals into anterior (dental) vs. posterior (postalveolar, palatal) sounds, at least for some whistlers. Additional constraints are required to account for the fact that back vowels are not fronted after these coronals. Here the generalisations extend beyond coronals and apply to stops at all places of articulation. The greater salience of labials over coronals, in particular, may be tied to a difference in the speed of the articulatory gestures. One type of evidence for this has been the claim that coronals are common epenthetic segments. Other work has also shown that this approach can account for other situations where both laryngeals and coronals may show unmarked behaviour in different situations. More specifically, this model can be used to derive the coarticulatory fronting of vowels by coronals, discussed in 2.1.2 above. Cantonese generally contrasts front and back rounded vowels (3a), but between coronals, only the front rounded vowels appear (3b). The resultant ranking would yield targetappropriate realizations of coronals and velars before liquids without the possibility of overgeneralization. Such a rule might have converted velars into coronals when followed by a liquid. The rule changes a high, front vowel \\i\\ to a central vowel [k] in the context following ' hard ' (that is, nonpalatal and non-palatalised) coronals. In prevocalic position coronals have better burst cues than labials or velars, because the former has a higher frequency of burst energy in this position. When there are two coronals, as in [dosa-dosa], the second one is affected. Note that anterior coronals produced with a fronted tongue body are distinct from palatalised coronals. Fricatives underspecified for place would then be expected to be realized as coronals rather than labials. Either the default place is changing, or target coronals are becoming specified as coronals. However, for this child, target velars surfaced in production as coronals [t d]. Releases in our data appear to be most informative for dorsals, followed by coronals and then labials. However, coronals do not have a fixed tonguebody position. However, not all types of coronals can condition vowel fronting. Such conflicting cues can be potentially confusing to listeners, resulting in assimilatory errors (particularly for coronals). The schematic ranking for fronting conditioned by anterior coronals is given in (16). Indeed, there is evidence that palatalisation is dispreferred with most types of anterior coronals. On the contrary, since velarised and uvularised coronals have a back tongue-body position, they are expected to condition vowel retraction. The overspecification hypothesis predicts the large number of errors in coronals. The greater salience of released dorsals, compared to released labials and coronals, corresponds to their lesser susceptibility to place assimilation. Across all categories of pulmonic stops (voiceless aspirated, voiced, murmured voiced) the coronals show the highest degree of error. The special status of coronals : internal and external evidence. Coronals assimilate to following dorsals and labials (3a); labials assimilate to following dorsals, but not to coronals (3b), and dorsals assimilate neither to labials nor to coronals (3c). Note that the lower salience status of coronals is a result of several factors, among which is their vulnerability to masking by following consonants and confusability of their releases. The special status of coronals: internal and external evidence. By contrast, the existence of a consonant-agreement system involving coronals is an inherited feature, while its instantiation as pharyngealisation agreement is a mere by-product of the change just described. The underspecification of coronals : evidence from language acquisition and performance errors. Phonetics and phonology 2 : the special status of coronals. In both dialects, pharyngeal fricatives spread their articulation to neighboring segments, while pharyngealized coronals are associated with a much larger domain of emphasis spread, sometimes encompassing whole words. I will show that this approach can explain why both coronals and glottals may appear in epenthesis, and also why they appear in slightly different situations. There were no errors on other coronals [l n z t] in this test ; we will see, however, that coronals were overproportionally misarticulated in spontaneous speech. In the absence of non-r coronals, then, the feature docks by default to the left edge. The special status of coronals, internal and external evidence. First, tongue-body position must be represented on coronals, even where it is highly redundant, so the analyses here provide evidence for relatively detailed, redundant phonological representations. As a result, the best set of vowel contrasts in isolation, where no movement is required, may well be different from the best set for the context between coronals. In short, the magnitude of the task requires that the picture of coronals be painted with broad strokes, sometimes glossing over what could be troublesome details. The underspecification of coronals : evidence from language acquisition errors. In fact these considerations are necessary in any case, since we will also need to explain how /t/ is chosen over other coronals, such as /s/. The book takes as its point of departure the fact that coronals are unique in having a greater number of subplaces of articulation than either labials or dorsals. Panels are coronal sections, with the dorsal aspect facing upwards. Brains were cut into coronal blocks of 1 cm thickness for evaluation. Once the first slice is performed, preferably sagital, the coronal plane is used to outline invasion. While several genetic syndromes involving synostosis of the coronal sutures have been identi®ed, most cases of isolated sagittal synostosis are sporadic with unknown aetiology. Coronal fricatives in these children's systems were predictably [kstrident], allowing that feature to be filled in by default. Specifically, singleton coronal obstruents were targeted a total of 71 times in word-initial position. The brain was removed, processed for embedding in paraffin and cut into 10 fxm thick coronal sections. Coronal sections cut at 50 mm in a rostrocaudal series. All figures are of coronal sections; dorsal to top, lateral to left. The brain stem, including the midbrain and thalamus, was cut on a freezing microtome into 40 -50 mm sections in the coronal plane. Each figure is of a coronal section, lateral to left and dorsal to top. The expression patterns were similar among animals and throughout the rostral to caudal levels of the coronal sections. In coronal sections, these columns of ipsilateral terminals appear as dense, irregular clusters. The streams of the coronal plasma are found to be nonuniform in the axial direction. Coronal place and vowel backness 343 contrasts on anterior coronals involves violating the preference for producing this type of coronal with a front tongue body. Schematic sequence of developmental events resulting in the specification of the main anterior telencephalic regions in reptiles and mammals, viewed in the coronal plane. In wire array experiments, coronal plasma liberated from the wire cores is accelerated towards the common axis in the form of radial plasma streams. Also, nasals did not target any other segments for assimilation, not even certain other voiced coronal stops. All these measurements indicate that the inner array is, in both configurations, transparent to the incoming flux of the coronal plasma from the outer array. Invoking a derivational metaphor, it forces [round] to move leftward in search of a licenser until the rightmost non-coronal consonant is located. Finally, the coronal plasma is always observed to be m 0 unstable in all of the experiments reviewed here. They did, however, exhibit the usual m 0 behavior of the coronal plasma. Density measurements of the coronal plasma indicate that the fraction of the total initial mass contained in the corona increases as the wire diameter decreases. In this section we present experimental data on the development of instabilities in both the coronal plasma and wire cores. The existence of the coronal plasma flow is evident from the formation of the precursor pinch on the array axis. The wire cores are gradually depleted as they ablate more coronal material that is rapidly accelerated towards the accreting precursor plasma on axis. The coronal plasmas in these experiments always exhibit strong m 0 instabilities, while the dense core appears to be stable. To begin with, the palatal fricatives are argued to be dorsal rather than coronal. To take into account all possible coronal consonants, one must obviously consider (overwhelmingly secondary and tertiary) evidence from many diverse languages. The markedness constraints choose the coronal /n/, which has the lowest-ranked markedness violation of the remaining viable candidates. Australian languages have a particularly rich set of coronals. The result was that some coronals served as targets of place assimilation, while others did not. In the absence of such releases, the lingual stops - coronals, and especially dorsals - seem more perceptually vulnerable than labials. In both dialects, the effect of emphasis spread is greatest when triggered by pharyngealised coronals, and least when triggered by pharyngeals. One of the basic questions addressed in this paper is which coronals condition fronting of vowels, and which condition retraction. There are cases in which non-retroflex coronals condition fronting of following vowels but not preceding vowels. I do not currently have any evidence that front coronals group with lax vowels in phonological patterns. Coronals that condition fronting are produced with a fronted tongue body, while coronals that condition retraction are produced with a back tongue body. I will show that coronals can in fact occur as epenthetic segments, but only in specific situations showing the classic signs of constraint conflict. Other coronals may be retracted, but confirmation of this awaits further acoustic work. Second, preconsonantal dorsals are the most salient, followed by labials and then coronals. Consonants considered as coronals are those involving articulatory contact of the anterior tongue portion. If a stem contains only coronals (3d), the affix must be unrealized. The basic divisions are between anterior coronals (dentals and alveolars), non-anterior laminal coronals (palato-alveolars) and non-anterior apical coronals (retroflexes). These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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