Examples of contributory

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
Color contrast: a contributory mechanism to color constancy.
In addition to contributory plans, there are money purchase plans and non-contributory profit sharing, stock bonus, and 403(b) plans.
Technology is a contributory factor in tackling these problems.
A non-contributory program is needed to supplement the family system and keep these women out of poverty.
Finally, this paper deals with women who are in or have husbands in the contributory social security system.
Highly fragmented and incomplete histories of contribution to social security risk leaving these workers with no contributory pension rights.
In the componential approach to modelling reading ability, a number of contributory factors have been empirically validated.
Finally, in a single sentence, the lawyers mentioned the principle of contributory negligence.
Polygenic inheritance was probably contributory in most cases, but in others single gene effects seem likely.
An employer could also perhaps defend himself on the ground of an employee's own contributory negligence.
Frequently there were contributory disorders, exacerbating underlying long-term diseases, not normally fatal.
The vector population density is one of the key contributory factors in the transmission of filariasis in an endemic area.
In this section we briefly consider the role that a temporal binding deficit might have as a contributory cause of these impairments.
From 1957 onwards, the state offered a relatively low universal pension to all those who managed to acquire the necessary contributory history.
Their relation to the welfare state is extremely tenuous, because of insufficient contributions and limited access to non-contributory benefits.
The contributory nature of most social security severely limits the scope for targeting.
Treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be responsible, and psychiatric illness such as depression may be contributory.
In the history, several specific areas require clarification: cause of fall; description of fall; contributory factors; associated illness; drug treatment; and environmental factors.
The increase (from 37.5 to 40) in the number of contributory-years needed for full entitlement was the most significant of these retrenchment measures.
Others remained committed to the provision of low-cost benefits to a blue-collar clientele, and continued to be known as hospital contributory schemes.
As unemployment insurance is contributory and of limited duration (12 months), only half of those registered claim benefit.
In contributory social insurance, benefits are indeed conditional on a proper contributory history.
Instead, the majority of older people (around 70 per cent) receive pensions from a non-contributory scheme.
Chapter 4 describes the contemporary social security provision, distinguishing between means-tested benefits, contingent benefits and contributory benefits.
There are child additions to the main social assistance benefits and to some contributory benefits.
In the long term, this strategy has advantages in terms of containing public sector liabilities, but involves further downgrading the contributory principle.
Exploration of the factors associated with psychiatric morbidity provides insight into both predisposing and contributory aspects that may be amenable to intervention.
An early retirement option was also introduced in 1956, making age requirements irrelevant, provided that the worker had a minimum contributory period.
At least in the beginning, economic development, tax policy and tax exemptions were contributory factors causing this stagnation.
The adoption process was analysed to identify the contributory factors and to make recommendations for measures which could be taken to promote the process.
Furthermore, it was clear that the contributory negligence of the owners of the stock could be raised as a defense.
Important contributory demand factors are the ageing population and the existence of increasingly well-educated citizens.
The conference included review, invited, contributory talks, and poster sessions.
A contributory factor in the under-use of interpreters is the low supply of appropriately certified interpreters.
An interesting issue is the extent to which bifocal and varifocal spectacles might be a contributory factor in falls on stairs.
Problems with staff recruitment, the most widespread factor identified at an area level, was only identified as a contributory factor in six instances.
Moreover, most writers agree that language was strongly contributory to, if not wholly constitutive of, that difference.
The definition of tuberculosis as a 'social disease'- a disease of poverty-also meant that authorities recognized and acted upon the contributory social conditions.
Arguably, managed care is not the cause of these difficulties, but it surely is a contributory factor.
Non-contributory or social pension programmes play a key role in old-age support systems through their potential to reach vulnerable individuals.
We must also be aware that other contributory factors may be present.
Non-contributory pensions made it easier to establish a clear and unambiguous racial hierarchy.
Not all these effects could be explained by food lack alone and the authors postulate infection as a contributory cause.
The cross-contamination resulting from the overproduction was probably the main contributory factor of the outbreak.
However, teenagers' views were included as a contributory aspect to other evaluations with broader aims.
The difference between the contributory and non-contributory calculations is small, ranging from a 0.08 % to a 0.33 % difference.
The wording of the questions in these two surveys was very similar and unlikely to be a major contributory factor to the difference in findings.
If all these benefits were to go to older people, this would constitute roughly 17 per cent of those lacking a contributory pension.
The expansion was mainly financed by state revenue generated from continuous economic growth rather than increases in taxation or any contributory or cost-sharing schemes.
The most troublesome aspect of negligence law to reconcile with the risk-liability theory is the defense of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.
Where contributory negligence is permitted as a defense, any negligence on the part of the plaintiff, of whatever degree, is sufficient to prevent recovery.
A defender of the risk-liability theory, then, would welcome the moves to limit the defense of contributory negligence that have occurred in the last century.
There is no evidence of projects providing non-contributory pensions or other measures of direct benefit to the elderly.
During the 1980s, a number of national agencies began to offer the elderly means-tested, non-contributory pensions and subsidies.
One is the decline in the relative value of contributory benefits.
However, the scale of social exclusion caused by these schemes would appear to be much lower than that resulting from contributory ones.
Other neurological disease, or bladder disease (lithiasis, neoplasia, infection), or bladder-outlet obstruction (prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stenosis) may also be contributory.
Secondary contributory factors include increased age, diabetes mellitus, prostatic dysfunction, a neurogenic bladder and long-term catheterization.
Similarly, it would have been useful to explore a role for contributory minimum pensions, to improve incentives and therefore foster pension savings.
The basic general scheme offers contributory benefits corresponding to the share of wages below the social security ceiling.
A more financially secure approach would require contributory funding.
A contributory factor could have been that the estate owner was opposed to what he considered were far too early retirements.
If this trend is not reversed it will mean that, for future generations of elders, only a minority will be entitled to contributory pensions.
Moreover, in exercising its power the state employs highly intrusive control techniques more characteristic of social assistance programmes than of contributory social security programmes.
Contributory benefits in 2003-04 are forecast to be just over 5 per cent of national income.
At their peak in the 1960s and 1970s contributory benefits accounted for 70 per cent of all social security spending.
A minority of contributory schemes remained in existence post-1948, but their subsequent development has received little attention.
Non-contributory benefits that are not already income tested could be seen as natural candidates for such expansion.
As discussed earlier, exploratory analysis suggests that this is unlikely to be a major contributory factor.
Looking first at contributory versus non-contributory pension schemes, it is clear that the proportional increase in pension cost is greater for contributory schemes.
Environment as a contributory factor to well-being is often disregarded within this model creating the dichotomy between social and medical models of health.
He considers culture to be a "contributory if not sufficient cause for war" (p. 11).
Most importantly, they included the first largescale non-contributory pension programmes.
A survey of the patient's environment for contributory factors should also take place.
However, the later reduction in trade could have been a contributory factor to a rise in both male and female illiteracy in 1820 and 1830.
While increased endogenous estrogens derived from adipose tissue may be a contributory factor, the mechanism(s) underlying the increased breast cancer risk are probably considerably more complex [83].
There is a clear broad strategy even though not all of the reforms fit obviously within it - a generous means-tested system, extensive private provision and a diminished contributory pension.
The recording of a previous attack as a contributory cause for a current episode seems strikingly in keeping with 1996 thinking regarding the origins of mental illness episodes.
Building failure claims reveal a substantial contributory negligence aspect for the client where they have stopped and changed programmes, cut budgets, insisted on certain materials, certain contractors and particular procedures.
Now, from the outset, consciousness or self-interpretation, etc. must conversely be taken into account as contributory factors in existence in the situation, etc.
Many different contributory factors were suggested, from national differences in personality structure and child-rearing practices to political institutions.
In investigating the causes of absenteeism from work, for example, researchers have found different contributory factors.
There are all sorts of contributory reasons for this situation although there is a steady pressure to change the future.
Both health and unemployment insurance were contributory schemes, and with flat rate contributions, they were regressive taxes.
First there are contributory benefits, which used to be called national insurance benefits.
Secondly, there are non-contributory social security benefits payable without any means-test.
Thirdly, there are the means-tested benefits, which are non-contributory.
The introduction of a comprehensive, non-contributory scheme to supplement contribution-based social insurance should be seriously considered in the pension reform debate.
The proposals support the continuation of the existing contributory universal basic state pension, indexed to prices rather than wages.
He concluded that only a tax-funded, non-contributory scheme would alleviate pensioner poverty.
In some cases, however, contributory requirements were rather loose, thus allowing for an expansion of coverage to workers with shorter formal working histories.
No real effort was made to increase the scope for non-contributory pensions.
He proposes the abolition of all welfare benefits, contributory and non-contributory, and their replacement with short-term transitional assistance for anyone not in work.
The system we have today results from a series of battles that the 'contributory principle' has lost over the last 60 years.
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