| 词汇 | example_english_constitution |
| 释义 | Examples of constitutionThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The tendency to see constitutions as predetermined legal moulds can be a source of flawed institutional arrangements and eventual institutional failure. Lacking in the 1990 document, for example, was the ' reinforcement ' of the presidency so much a feature of earlier francophone constitutions. We have long known that many policies have been placed in constitutions because they would be relatively hard to change. Scholars should make an effort to understand the goals that were embodied in the texts as the constitutions were written. The text of the constitutions was merely the tip of an iceberg of common law, legislative compromise, judicial decision, and extra-governmental practice. Most writing on state constitutions is resolutely textual, as befits authors whose central concerns are legal history and the courts. None of those constitutions had the sanction of an enabling act. In the continental civil law tradition, individual cases are related to legal codes or constitutions. Unfortunately, the political dimension of constitutions has increasingly given way to a reliance on judicial mechanisms. In turn, these constitutions impact on understandings of what partnership itself might mean and be. Traditionally, institutionalism used to be in in-depth study of formal structures and constitutions, but the new institutionalist wave is different from the old approach. In addition to constitutions, the authors compiled information about electoral laws, party rules, and legislative rules that are not easily obtainable. Local units and their particularistic features must be well protected, to maintain their popularly based constitutions in the face of continued centripetal forces. Is it possible to enshrine the dignity of man in constitutions that also allow for strong government and stability? Voters rejected the proposed constitution's attempts to entrench further the power of the executive, despite repeated demands for the opposite during the consultation process. 16. There were instances of legislation in the constitutions. The arguments here are only a small part of the research and writing that might be done on state constitutions. Any serious effort to understand state constitutions, and in particular the intent of their authors, must begin with the journals of the conventions. What mark did farmers leave on their constitutions? Second, most of the impact of constitutions on party competition may be unintended. The designs of these constitutions varied from state to state. In this way, we will develop richer understandings not only of unique constitutions but of general processes of constitutionalism. To prevent the recurrence of such defaults, states rewrote their constitutions to sharply limit the debt they could incur. Both began with near-identical constitutions, and hence near-identical political structures. Recently, work in political science regarding the understanding of constitutionalism illuminates the ongoing role of politics in giving meaning to constitutions. Workers were frequently fired or quit for reasons listed as weak constitutions, tuberculosis, venereal disease, or spitting blood. However, international laws and national constitutions have stressed the inviolability of human dignity and expanded its scope to include all human beings. After all, a large part of the book is devoted to analyzing the role that constitutions play in constraining the actions of officials. However, it does not follow from the fact that constitutions are devices for constraining others that they are not also devices for selfconstraint. Nothing he says falsifies the proposition that constitutions are precommitment devices. Political actors might have other, and perhaps better, reasons to adopt constitutions than to overcome passion. Because groups use constitutions to constrain other groups, he deduces that groups cannot use constitutions to constrain themselves. Republics adopt their own constitutions; the analog for other constituent units is a charter (ustav). On the basis of these provisions, it can be deduced what the constitutions did do, and what they clearly failed to achieve. Also, the constitutions seem to have been interpreted incorrectly, for the significance of ' naturalization ' has not, to my knowledge, been examined. Most constitutions have been democratically enacted and largely derive their legitimacy from that fact. European constitutions are almost invariably parliamentary, but there is, as we shall see, considerable variation within this broad category. The share of non-partisans in the cabinet is higher under semipresidential constitutions than under those in which the president is selected by parliament. He mentions that constitutions and crises can serve as focal points but this is a substantive, and not formal, conclusion. Our empirical findings and our analysis of causal mechanisms suggest that centralized constitutions help foster lower levels of political corruption. Furthermore, constitutions are difficult for citizens to evaluate, so they often look to political elites for information and opinions. Written constitutions often contain clauses that seem to make satisfaction of moral criteria a necessar y condition of legal validity. The relation between written constitutions and the r ule of recognition, however, may not be as straightfor ward as this. Table 1 displays protections for labor provided in state constitutions, both in the western states and states from other regions, written between 1870 and 1899. I begin the essay with a selective review of academic writing about state constitutions. I offer an argument about how to study state constitutions and the conventions that authored them. Among the new states, eleven of the thirteen drafted and adopted constitutions. We can, however, steer our doxastic constitutions by implementing doxastic practices, which are under our voluntary control. Ideological conflicts were largely along class, not ethnic, lines, and the ruling elites, backed by adaptable constitutions, could accommodate and institutionalise conflict. Several authors, however, have been attentive to the writing, history, and development of state constitutions, and their work has informed my effort here. Their development depends on a variety of factors beyond our genetic constitutions. Pursing environmental justice with international human rights and states constitutions. The first of these is the existence of separate executive and legislative elections, as under presidential and semi-presidential constitutions. Table 2 shows the relation between executive strength and party strength in all the constitutions in this sample. Secondly, constitutions can help solve collective action problems and guard against weakness of will or myopia on the part of the people. From the 1820s onwards, undergraduates partook in rigorous, daily exercise in order to create and preserve their physical constitutions. References to moral considerations in constitutions are typically not cases of the incorporation of morality but blocks to its exclusion or modification by ordinary legislation. Otherwise, institutions providing for the separation of powers and constitutions guaranteeing human rights - in other words, all the essential features of democracy - do not work. One common tactic is to try to remove potentially controversial issues from the political agenda by relying on detailed constitutions and legal codes. Real-world constitutions contain different devices by which such impasses can be resolved. When directly elected presidents are coupled with otherwise parliamentary constitutions, control over cabinet appointment becomes a crucial issue. Rich ones are rich because they have efficient constitutions. Democratic constitutions formally limit discretionary authority, among other ways, by establishing judicial independence, affirming the public service's organisational integrity, and specifying presidential term limits. The relevant rules are found in the national constitutions of the three countries, in sector specific laws, normative prescriptions and intergovernmental agreements. Issued by state constitutions, statutes, regulations, and party rules, formal political authority helped determine which enclave actors were empowered to manage various governance tasks. In the case of most degenerate hereditary constitutions there are doubtless many of the so-called unit traits or genes involved. Attention to managing the periphery allows for a rereading of state constitutions that is more positive than the currently accepted reading. With that in mind, we can understand the writing of state constitutions as an extended and far-flung conversation among the states. Delegates had many reasons to write their preferences into the constitutions. Much depended on the town's political culture, that is, on its constitutions in the broadest sense. There were those as early as 1776, to be sure, who advocated popular ratification of constitutions. Other cases have explored other potential qualifications, including religion22 and mental competence,23 as well as additional requirements imposed by individual state constitutions. 22. The western constitutions also included declarations of principle about labor. Protections for labor were for the most part confined to constitutions of the western states. Although western state constitutions contained more protections for labor than other state constitutions, labor did not get all it wanted. The list of rights in state constitutions grew as the century progressed, and their scope increased as well. The cell number of blastocysts and their chromosome constitutions were examined. Most constitutions, for example, contain amendment provisions allowing participants to change the constitutional structure in order to achieve different objectives. Accordingly, the normal explanation for why societies adopt constitutions is that individual members wish to protect themselves against their own irrationality with regard to decisions that affect the collective. While he expanded on the political dimension of constitutions early on in his career, at the centre of his argument basic rights and liberties could be found. A constitution's structural features - consider, again, the example of separation of powers - certainly affect the strategies of political actors who attempt to create, maintain, and transform constitutional meaning. Finally, analyses of distribution should take seriously the politics of decision-making - especially under democratic constitutions, when the poor have at least the formal power of the vote. My reading of western state constitutions and the deliberations at the conventions where they were written, leads me to the conclusion that this consensus view is incomplete. Further, territory was the basis (often paired with wealth, religion, or literacy) of representation in all colonial charters and their subsequent state constitutions at the founding. Table 4 reports each of our constitutions' score on the seven legislative powers. A person illusorily perceives the graphic or phonic phenomenal constitutions of two semantically different words as if they were the same. The new constitution's home-grown origins do not of themselves explain the warmth of its reception. In theory, therefore, the method could allow one to produce many millions of new individuals with identical genetical constitutions. Although some constitutions have provisions that are immune against amendment, even these do not bind in a strict sense, because extraconstitutional action always remains possible. First, he argued that constitutions do not generally bind members of society because they are generally amendable. They rely on formal structures (simple majority rule, federalism, written constitutions) and informal modes of interaction (culture, ideology, morale, and leadership). From more efficient constitutions would emerge more inclusive and hence more efficient lobbying systems. A good number of local constitutions have been reformed, and a few state laws on indigenous rights and culture have been enacted. My model starts with rank-and-file legislators and applies only to constitutions devised by such actors. If constitutions are simply artefacts of democracy, however, then it seems difficult to accord them any independent weight. Liberals viewed the bureaucracy as a reactionary tool used by governments that were unaccountable to constitutions or the popular will. They also lack effective programmes aimed at achieving their objectives, which is evident in their poorly designed manifestos and constitutions. Were their constitutions altered so that very different things made them happy, they would be very different people. The ulama were already familiar with the vocabulary of modern politics - of nations, patriotism, and constitutions. There already exist two rich traditions of study of the states and their constitutions. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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