| 词汇 | example_english_constituency |
| 释义 | Examples of constituencyThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Of the city's fifteen parliamentary constituencies, ten went unionist, three were secured by coalition liberals, and one each by coalition labour and labour. Complaints about media bias, he notes, increase when media outlets find it profitable to target news to narrowly defined constituencies. My model attempts to gauge whether deputies' votes are consistent with the characteristics of their constituencies, and whether the votes demonstrate party loyalty. With few opportunities to construct a viable politics of place, tory candidates in these constituencies tended to campaign on the issue of social reform. Lawmakers ask questions mostly concerning their respective constituencies. The 176 seats were divided among 31 different constituencies, ranging in size from one seat to 13 seats. We expect that these cross-pressured members had a harder time securing re-election because they were less in line with their national parties and their constituencies. He finds a counter-intuitive result that refutes non-game theoretical wisdom that parties focus their campaign resources on marginal constituencies. A 5 per cent threshold (or victories in three constituencies) limits access to extremist parties. With nearly half of all constituencies contested, the election dramatically confirmed the extent to which divergent religious sensibilities provoked opposing political affiliations. On every conceivable ground it would surely be better to have mixed constituencies like those to which we have hitherto become accustomed. Instead, we have estimated the 1992 results for each seat, had that contest been fought in the constituencies used in 1997. Rather, they are in direct competition with their rivals, not only nationally but also in individual constituencies. They also increase the political influence of political constituencies who favour more stringent regulatory policies and reduce the influence of business. Candidates from the same electoral district represented different constituencies as they carved up the district into different geographical and functional electoral bases. Finally, agency officials are not directly accountable to constituencies, since they are appointed. Table 6 reports the results of applying such models to the 1979 general election result in the then-current constituencies. Further light is shed on the two approaches by comparing their estimates of party support in those constituencies created by the fourth review. However, common concern does not exhaust the interests of the constituencies served by these different types of regulatory regimes. Regional governments have little incentive to mobilise revenue from their constituencies. They have worked to mobilize resources, to build constituencies, and to develop strategies that they believe will enhance their political inuence. They seek to recruit constituencies that they believe can contribute to these strategies and who are available for recruitment in both organizational and ideological terms. During such periods, each party contains a sizeable cross-pressured minority with policy preferences that reflect those of their constituencies but differ from their party mainstream. Secondly, the representatives of the conflicting parties must be allowed enough room to negotiate by their constituencies. According to the 2000 census, there are five such constituencies with over 140,000 residents, and five with fewer than 75,000 people. At the regional level, according to the 2000 census, on average 92,061 people live in each of the 200 constituencies. The imbalance in the number of people living in the set number of constituencies in each region, however, is startling. There are 16 multimember constituencies, each with at least two seats, allocated according to population. Instead, they use their privileged access to the administration to lobby ministers to deliver local public goods to their constituencies. The efforts of deputies to consult the population are noted and appreciated, and the reputations of entrepreneurial deputies spread outside their constituencies. There are simply too many constituencies, too many prejudices and too many conflicting instincts to satisfy. Candidates may move to other constituencies, some candidates do not participate in the next election, and there may be new comers. First, the size of the new republic required districts to encompass many small communities of interest that individually constituted representational constituencies long before the founding. Presumably, decentralised constituencies will vote for representatives who will represent their interests to the central government better than the unelected civil servants of the past. No single party was able to transcend limited constituencies based on religion, ethnicity, language, or region. There is no readily discernible difference in the size of the opposing constituencies and no way to know precisely how these groups were constituted. They are thus likely to give high priority to the short-term interests of narrow constituencies, at the expense of longer-term social welfare. Women do not constitute a minority in most countries nor are they geographically concentrated in a limited number of constituencies. The ability of the ayuntamiento, the barrio, and the patronym group to carry out their functions became entirely dependent on the goodwill of their constituencies. Thus ties of kinship and camaraderie, personal debts and vendettas, fears and ambitions have everything to do with the lineup of candidacies, coalitions, and constituencies. Instead, the new activists organized and reached out to constituencies ranging from motor drivers to immigrant unskilled workers, frustrated clerks and ambitious but unsuccessful businessmen. Constructions of disease played multiple roles and were central to the concerns of different constituencies. Intense partisanship was not, however, confined to large constituencies. The political dynamic in the countryside is hardly referred to at all, although the results in particular constituencies are specifically mentioned in the text. What do these three case-studies have to offer each of these different constituencies ? Inkatha, she argues, faced a problem of gaining and maintaining the support of different gendered constituencies. As a result, a group of moderate legislators emerged who were cross-pressured between their national parties and their constituencies. Two characteristics of the alternatives are likely to be relevant to constituencies choosing a representative - ideology and religion. Once elected, governmental parties are able to realise policies which are in line with the demands and ideological orientations of their constituencies. They are keen to develop narrow bases of electoral support and to represent the interests of localised constituencies. Defining a purpose: diverse farm constituencies and publicly funded agricultural research and extension. Government leaders' rhetoric promised basic telephone service to their urban and rural constituencies. Diffusion of power or the existence of plural constituencies is also critical to the proper functioning of democracy. Cross-pressured members tended to come from constituencies that favour the other party. In this brief note we have extended that conclusion by separating out two components of the search for votes in constituencies: general campaigning and advertising. Here, the need to consolidate constituencies has left factions with scant room for manoeuvre. Presumably these constituencies and the political elites they brought to power see few reasons to retain the current policy status quo. If they are accountable to the wider public, constituencies may resent the ' inattention' of their representatives to their specific needs and interests. He could speak to multiple constituencies using words that moved even those who opposed his actions because he appealed to their deepest fears. Similarly, differences among ethnic constituencies may be explained in part through reference to religious affiliations, economic position, and cultural principles. There is a danger that the book will slip between the two constituencies, and this would be a shame. Their positions on the role of the state, including the privatisation process, reflected the interests of their respective constituencies. Most of these authors are searching for an inclusive politics, one that encompasses the varied social constituencies of the region. In many constituencies, these elections were neither peaceful nor legally correct. Over time a situation of economic, physical and psychological deterioration is likely to impact on strategically important constituencies. Notwithstanding this, deputies are sensitive to votes that are likely to cost them political capital in their constituencies. Our empirical analysis indicates that the core constituencies of the two parties were highly polarized on the initiative. A critic must note that ethnic interests expressed through ethnic-based party organisations encourage narrow political constituencies and tend not to favour aggregation of interests. Rather, ter ritorial constituencies, it is argued, are expressive of the founders' desire to represent territorial "communities of interest" that existed within states. Territory constituencies supported these other ends of representational theory, even as it ceased to be self-justifying. First, the identity of the constituencies aligned with each party (which was relatively clear by 1940) pushed the parties in opposite directions. As noted above, the percentage of vote obtained in constituencies was used to determine the ®nal ranking. Voters in local constituencies elect representatives with a particular party affiliation and ideological profile. The median voter hypothesis highlights the importance to the government of obtaining the support of crucial electoral constituencies. A compromise was reached whereby the electoral system was kept and the number of constituencies was revised. Because their policies reflect the push and pull of competing constituencies, democratic states are rarely one dimensional. In the 2000 parliamentary election, not all parties were strong enough to run in all constituencies. Meanstested and universal benefits differ in terms of the constituencies they represent and the amount of popular support and legitimacy that can guarantee their continuity. In other words, especially in the post-1965 era, elite policies created mass constituencies. Change probably comes more gradually because of the requirements of multiple constituencies. One could also make the same point with reference to particular constituencies. Voting support by ethnic parties is a mechanism to meet demands for goods and services for constituencies. Since these movements emerged, state actors take into greater account their constituencies' claims. According to the 2000 census, on average 103,025 people live in each of the forty-five such constituencies. As with the rates of registered voters, the populations are highly imbalanced across the forty-five coterminous constituencies. In the metropolis, its seats were largely dilapidated older boroughs; it held none of the thriving suburban seats or commuter constituencies. Likewise, the single transferable vote system normally operates, and is usually thought of as operating, in multi-member constituencies. Locally, each system was a result of negotiations among a variety of constituencies in public health, medicine, and government. However, as long as executives inadvertently perpetuate a myth of infallibility, they and their constituencies will be compromised. Additionally, school officials should help the faculty define their main goals and primary constituencies. The many service requests from multiple constituencies can easily overwhelm a medical ethics program. We must seek solutions that balance the important consideration of various constituencies within our society. Several constituencies of historians will find valuable material here. A programme of speakers for a general election was also ready by 1913, with both constituencies and politicians told in advance what they might expect. Along the way, constituencies changed in their ideological balance, while generations aged and were replaced. Independents, who ran for the city assembly with neighborhood associations as their constituencies, retained a two-third share of seats until 1973. Under this system single-member constituencies would be retained with the first-past-the-post method of election retained in each- in other words, the same as at present. In each of the 650 single-member constituencies, the method of election employed is the plurality or" first-past-the-post" method. There were too many internal contradictions which prevented the different constituencies from working effectively together. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。