| 词汇 | example_english_cognate |
| 释义 | Examples of cognateThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In all but one case, the translation pairs they labeled cognates were rated higher than the pairs they labeled non-cognates. In addition, the response lists for cognates had greater total overlap than did those for non-cognates. Other advantages for cognates have been found in the translation priming literature. The results of the experiment showed that cognates were recalled and recognized better than non-cognates. There were three other words which cannot be called direct cognates, but nevertheless should be mentioned here. Picture naming is faster for cognates than for noncognates in bilingual but not in monolingual individuals. The interference for the homophones stands in contrast to the facilitation observed for cognates. Participants remained silent less often on concrete words than on abstract words, and fewer omissions were observed on cognates than on noncognates. The second of these was not very difficult, because, in general, the characters used were all cross-language cognates (or very close to being cognates). With homographic cognates, no such interference occurs, because only one semantic representation is activated. The results of this study were straightforward: no facilitation effects arose for interlingual homographs relative to controls, while cognates were facilitated. Fewer such incidents are reported when bilinguals are producing familiar cognates and proper names. Pictures were named in each language and were either cognates or non-cognates. However, not all cognates exhibit a one-to-one equivalence at all linguistic levels. Focused language instruction provided infor mation on cognates, word structure, g rammatical function, lexical cohesion and structural redundancy. She also states that cognates and infrequent words are more likely to be translated by means of the word-word association route. The low-level benefit of repeating the orthographic form (for cognates) interacted with high-level processes associated with comprehension level (fluency). The authors argued that the latter result might have been due to a con-ict in computing the cognate's pronunciation. The argumentation for using interlingual homographs and cognates in bilingual research has been as follows. However, it can mislead the learner when false cognates are encountered. Thus, even when their orthographic and phonological overlap across languages is incomplete, cognates may be recognized faster than noncognates. There is also a section on phonological blending of cognates. According to this hypothesis, cognates can facilitate code-switching of directly preceding or following words. Voiced consonants in this position may therefore be assumed to be more 'costly' than their voiceless cognates. The choice of lexical stimuli used in the task hinges on a concept borrowed from the bilingual processing literature: crosslinguistic cognates. However, translating cognates was not found to be asymmetrical. Thirdly, claims of similarity do not always differentiate between strict cognates and mere look-alikes. In each of the experiments, picture naming time was compared for cognates and noncognate controls. Noticing the salient similarity of cognates, one may be inclined to think that words that look and sound alike are also similar in meaning. Likewise, fewer omissions occurred on cognates compared with noncognates. In their study, they provided evidence for this theory by ®nding cross-language semantic priming for cognates, but not for non-cognates. We identi®ed 112 translation pairs that serve as good candidates for cognates and 94 non-translation pairs that serve as good candidates for false cognates. In addition, our results indicated that in terms of identifying cognates, the two tasks provided very similar ®ndings. Words that were correctly translated by more than 50% of the participants were treated as cognates. However, this means that cognates can differ in the amount of phonological overlap they have. Furthermore, associations to abstract words, noncognates and verbs were less often repeated within- and across-languages than those to concrete words, cognates and nouns. Thus, we assume that cognates and non-cognates may differ in a graded way with respect to the degree of conceptual overlap. Therefore, false friends may facilitate codeswitching as much as cognates do in this scenario. Their argument is that the time depth of language divergence can be overestimated if cognates go unrecognized because of sound change. From 100-word core vocabulary lists, comparative linguists identify and count cognates - words with similar meanings and sound sequences - shared by pairs of languages. Conversely, time depth can be underestimated if chance similarities and borrowed words are wrongly identified as cognates. However, translation relations between non-cognates can be as strong as for cognates but a clue based on string similarity cannot indicate that. Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: the neglected role of phonology. Differences were also found in the processing of cognates and noncognates. Consequently, cognates may more often share a conceptual representation (localist view), or may share more meaning elements (distributed view) than noncognates. Alternatively, the privileged status of cognates might reflect a combination of factors. Furthermore, the numerical difference in the gendercongruency effect between cognates and noncognates did not reach significance but their difference with respect to error rates did. The earliest meaning of this word and its cognates in related languages was therefore 'according to one's will'. The across-item analysis revealed a few vulnerable groups of words: high frequency words, cognates, and semantically convergent pairs. False cognates are of interest to psycholinguistic researchers, because they provide an effective control condition in translationpriming studies. In addition, associates for cognates were easier to generate than those for non-cognates. The available studies suggest that cognates have a special representation. Although cognates are similar in appearance to their translation, the lexical representations map onto different phonological representations, leading to delays in naming responses. Thus, if researchers wish to include only cognates and non-cognates in their studies, then collecting similarity ratings might be the preferred method. False cognates have also been used to investigate bilinguals' performance in translation-recognition tasks. Pictures of 44 objects were chosen as experimental items, none of them were cognates. What has just been said about cognates also pertains to other ' 'similar' ' stimuli across studies. According to this hypothesis, cognates can facilitate codeswitching of directly preceding or following words. Of interest here is the claim about cognates: cognates show more overlap in conceptual representation than non-cognates. A third possible origin of the advantage of cognates over non-cognates relates to differences between the learning difficulties of these two types of words. They, and their cognates, have since overrun the globe. All cognates were excluded from the materials selected. Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: the neglected role of phonology. Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Appendix 3 displays 94 pairs identi®able as false cognates (16.7% of the total); they were incorrectly translated with the same incorrect translation at least 50% of the time. The items from the four conditions (high frequency cognates, low frequency cognates, high frequency non-cognates, and low frequency non-cognates) were matched on both word length and word concreteness. In any case, if the smaller set of tense\\lax cognates were analyzed only, the percentages of forms with vowel length variation would be lower than currently indicated. More importantly, the word-type effects we obtained suggest that conceptual representations in bilingual memory are different for concrete versus abstract words, for cognates versus noncognates, and for nouns versus verbs. In order to account fully for the differential transfer status of various lexicalized concept categories, in particular cognates, processing studies need to be balanced out by production studies. To understand what these numbers mean, consider a search for potential cognates exhibiting any of five meanings or functions in any of the 27 linguistic units under investigation. Asymmetries in the linguistic relationships between the two languages are probably more important, especially the asymmetries in the number of noncognates and the opacity of the relatedness of cognates. Figure 3 shows these overall results for the full database of sixty cognates, which form the input to the stage 2 methods discussed in section 4 below. In light of these results, researchers desiring to identify cognates in future studies may not ®nd it necessary to carry out both kinds of normative studies. In the case of gender-incongruent cognates, however, this strategy would lead to less efficient access of the gender node and to slower learning and processing as well as errors. In our own research, we hope to proceed to further refinements of our phonetic similarity matching, to allow us to move beyond cognates in possible future comparisons across families. There is a widespread tendency among researchers of consciousness to address the semantics of the term "consciousness" (and its cognates) when investigating the mental phenomenon, consciousness. No translation equivalents or cognates were used. The presence of two cognates in a pair of genetically related languages implies the existence of an ancestral form of the word in a common linguistic ancestor. Furthermore, if one eschews all talk of preference (or psychological cognates such as desire), then claims about beliefs or subjective probabilities are untestable and consequently scientifically illegitimate. Such translation pairs are typically called cognates. Lexical representation of cognates and non-cognates in compound bilinguals. In both within- and between-language association, retrieving an associate was easier to concrete than to abstract words, to cognates than to noncognates, and to nouns than to verbs. One often cited type of evidence is that even today, lexico-grammatical correspondences or cognates can usually be identified across different dialects, despite divergence in their contemporary pronunciation. Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs. The critical manipulation was whether the name of the picture was a cognate in the bilingual's two languages. Consequently, encoding will be faster for cognates than for noncognates: the cognate facilitation effect. No such difference was observed with the cognate nouns. However, this cognate effect may have a different origin. A strong crosslinguistic effect is reported, but non-cognate words were also retained. The percentage of cognates (words that have a common origin) in these word lists is then measured. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. A probe consisted of common pictures sampling the treated sound and cognate in initial, intervocalic, and final positions in monomorphemic forms. The journal encourages analyses whose approach is drawn from cognate disciplines such as social anthropology, art history, hermeneutics, and social sciences. Cognates of these terms are still in use. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Thus, cognate monitoring is a strategy that needs to be taught explicitly. The other categories in the traditional system of classification are rebus or phonetic loan characters ("jiji") and derivative cognates ("zhun zh"). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Cross-linguistic effects of orthographic and semantic overlap between different languages of cognates and interlingual homographs were also reported in many priming studies. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Cognates are morphemes (lexical or grammatical) or larger constructions. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In fact, a pair of false friends may be true cognates (see false friends: causes). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。