Examples of cocoa

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The results show weak evidence of cocoa and coffee farmers responding in the short run3 to price increases.
The increase in exports is principally due to export increases in soybeans, sugar, coffee, cocoa, and cotton.
In cocoa, as in other orchard crops, the optimum planting density for low vigour material is much higher than it is for highly vigorous genotypes.
As rural households found their incomes from cocoa and coffee collapsing, many compensated for those losses by increasing food production.
The most important export crop is cocoa, which generated 20 per cent of total export earnings in 1992.
Although world prices have been declining, farm-gate prices in local currency have increased due to currency depreciations, and production of cocoa has increased.
Harvesting was at two-week intervals from commencement of bearing 15- 17 months after planting, with the weight of wet cocoa measured on a plot basis.
As already indicated, there has been little investigation of this guiding principle of cocoa breeding over the 50 years since it was adopted.
The idea of organizing a conference around the topic of pioneering efforts at cocoa production around the globe was undoubtedly a good one.
By the late 1920s, however, cocoa prices had fallen substantially and the real burden of the tax had risen accordingly.
The preface is very readable and sets the scene defining the importance of cocoa as a commercial crop and the author's interests and research.
Far from being a deadend, cocoa production in these years did lead to rising incomes per head.
One of its aims was to maintain the special economic relationship with the metropole, mainly based on cocoa production.
The kernel (cocoa bean) was at some point used as currency.
The results suggest that simple recurrent selection is an appropriate breeding strategy in cocoa, with different optimum planting densities for the seedling and clonal phases.
Thus, the cocoa was grown under a thin cover of gliricidia shade, which was thinned and pruned frequently.
Utilization of cocoa germplasm in breeding for yield.
As a result, the incomes of cocoa and groundnut producers remained relatively high in the 1920s compared to palm oil producers.
The revenue from the export of cocoa and, to a lesser extent, coffee generated significant surpluses for the state budget throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
On average, cocoa and coffee holdings are between 10 and 15 hectares, and are primarily worked by family members and seasonal labourers.
Due to the spread of cocoa and coffee production in the 1920s, the area was relatively prosperous.
Cocoa producers, largely in the rural south, also benefited from increases in producer prices.
Real incomes of cocoa farmers in 1983 were 12 per cent of their value in 1974.
She argues that education and politics and not cocoa were now seen as the surest paths to economic and social advancement.
Farmers complained that the beneficiaries of the loans were not farmers, but people who had no connection to the cocoa belt.
In 1979, cocoa farmers received 51n35 per cent of the world market price, while in 1980 they received 89n28 per cent.
In establishing their cocoa farms, farmers would be given credit for labour, fertilisers, seedlings and disease control.
By the 1930s, cocoa and coffee production had already become the main source of income for the peasantry.
By the late 1960s, farmers had started to diversify their production beyond coffee and cocoa.
We also included dummy variables for the age of the cocoa trees, with trees less than a year old as the reference category.
We find, however, that larger proportions of the parcel are planted to cocoa on purchased village land and privately purchased land.
Growing food and cocoa intercrops also takes advantage of weeding labor, since the ground around young cocoa trees has to be kept free from weeds.
Between 1964 and 1971, farmers planted an average of 9,200 hectares of cocoa each year.
Over the next ten years, on average the economy grew 5 per cent each year, thanks largely to rising cocoa and coffee exports.
On average, each farmer cultivated 1n1 hectare of cocoa and\\or robusta coffee, and 0n8 hectares of food crops.
Thus, many of them enlarged their food crop fields or inter-cropped food crops in their coffee and cocoa fields.
They had to sell something, and the drop in food prices was less than for cocoa and coffee.
The one product that seems to have escaped attention is cocoa.
On the economic side, there are omissions too : the impact of changes in cocoa and coffee marketing could have been examined, for example.
A pioneer front is the sporadic development of unexploited tropical forest lands to plant cocoa trees.
At the village level, cocoa producers benefited from state subsidies that covered part of the transport costs of getting the export commodity to the port.
As forest land became rare and incomes from cocoa exports declined, pressures to control access to land rose.
The fact that land tenure policies evolved in a way that permitted ' outsiders ' to gain access to it contributed to the expansion of cocoa production.
Farmers cultivated more land to maximise the village income, only to earn less because the price of cocoa was stagnant.
The state, for example, invested part of the rent it siphoned from cocoa exports in a broad array of economic projects.
Until the 1980s, a positive dynamic existed between the state and cocoa producers, and between the country's different ethnic communities and foreigners.
He bestowed powers to enact byelaws and indirect taxes - such as forestry, hygiene, title registration and civil procedure - and profit from cocoa plantations and subdivisions.
During the pioneer era, coffee and cocoa plantations were developed over all the area suitable for that purpose.
The latter concluded that there is considerable potential for yield improvement in cocoa by selecting for more efficient partitioning of assimilate to the yield component.
Genetic improvement may have played a key role in cocoa productivity, if only by influencing the crop's disease resistance and maturation rate.
The economic policy refor ms of 1984 were critical to raising both private and public investment in cocoa production.
In fact the proportion of fields planted to cocoa trees is relatively high in fields received as gifts (table 2).
Neither was the productivity of cocoa and food crop cultivation considered separately.
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