| 词汇 | example_english_circadian |
| 释义 | Examples of circadianThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Such parallel findings point to an intimate relationship between the neurotransmitter systems targeted by drugs and the circadian rhythms targeted by chronotherapeutics. The diurnal rhythm of crying becomes progressively more distinct, reflecting the increasing strength of the circadian drive. All circadian rhythms which have been studied ultimately adapt, but this may take weeks. If their eyes are primarily circadian in function, have pathways concerned with image formation, color, and motion been discarded? Ovulation and oviposition in birds are the best known and best characterised circadian processes controlled by light/dark signals. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses. Intrinsic light responses of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the circadian system. Circadian clocks located in the photoreceptors and retinal neurons regulate melatonin synthesis in the eye. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Effects of exogenous melatonin on circadian disc shedding in the albino rat retina. However, evidence for circadian control of dopamine synthesis and release is still controversial. Such a mechanism provides an alternative to one involving circadian control of retinal responses. Rather, light acts indirectly by modulating the output of the circadian clock. Limulus photoreceptors do not contain an endogenous circadian oscillator, but rely upon efferent outflow from a central clock for circadian timing. Little is known about how circadian clocks and photoreceptors communicate to regulate shedding. 289 rhabdom shedding in response to a second transition from dark to light within a single circadian day. They con®rmed a statistically signi®cant circadian rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate. Second, the present study did not gather information about circadian cortisol levels. In adults, alertness is lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening, following the temperature circadian rhythm. With this scheme, we respect die circadian cycle of natural liberation of the hormone from the adrenal glands. Instability in social rhythms are proposed to disrupt the circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle, culminating in an episode of mania or depression. Circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol in aging. Such alterations in circadian patterns may be somewhat specific to depressive symptoms and emotions. The functioning of cerebral circadian oscillators, for example, is open to non-representationist interpretations. To discover constraints on circadian rhythms it was necessary to remove the animals from their ordinary environment and place them in artificially created settings. Here, for the first time, the process of control of transcription and translation has been found to display circadian time windows. All induced samples were collected within a 3-h badger processing period to limit circadian variations in oocyst output. Testing the hypothesis of a circadian phase disturbance underlying depressive mood in nonseasonal depression. Thus, circadian phase advances appear neither necessary nor sufficient for an antidepressant response in chronic depression. Extent of cerebral white matter lesions is related to changes on circadian blood pressure. The circaseptan amplitude in heart rate during the first weeks of human life is larger than the circadian amplitude in 164 neonates. Modifying effects of histamine on circadian rhythms and neuronal excitability. The daytime increase is not directly driven by circadian efferent input to the lateral eye because this input is silent during the day. One might expect that dopamine would still be required for entrainment of the circadian rhythm. Transient rhabdom shedding occurs naturally once a day at dawn following overnight circadian efferent outflow to the eye. We hypothesize that zebrafish retinomotor movements are regulated by light and circadian clocks to varying degrees in different cell types. However, we cannot rule out a selective circadian effect on the length of synaptic ribbons with our present experimental design. Can the circadian system of a diurnal and a nocturnal rodent entrain to ultraviolet light? More generally, they suppor t the idea that endogenous melatonin is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms of retinal dopamine content. Correlating retinal function with melatonin secretion in subjects with an early or late circadian phase. Another issue that could give rise to some discrepancy is the time of death within the circadian cycle. A circadian clock in the fish retina regulates dopamine release via activation of melatonin receptors. The circadian clock within cancer cells apparently coordinates cancer growth rate [43]. In infants, the circadian temperature rhythm appears at 4 weeks and further develops across the first few months of life. When studied 2-3 years later these children lacked a strong circadian rhythm, showing a cortisol peak at noon instead of early morning. As will become evident, the first three theories emphasize the role of the circadian cycle and the fourth recognizes a role for the sleep-wake cycle. In higher eukaryotes, circadian rhythms are mediated at the molecular level by autoregulatory feedback loops. Three period homologs in mammals : differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside of brain. Catecholamines and cortisol exhibit a circadian rhythm thereby showing a decline in nocturnal secretion. The emergence pattern was also found to be of a circadian type with a single clearly defined emergence peak in the 24 h monitoring period. Rhythmic expression of timeless : a basis for promoting circadian cycles in period gene autoregulation. The studies were done during daylight hours, between 1000 and 1400 h, to avoid possible factors associated with circadian rhythm. Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin depends upon the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Also, depressed patients often exhibit disturbances in endocrine circadian rhythms as well as the sleep-wake cycle. Zebrafish visual sensitivity is regulated by a circadian clock. A circadian oscillator in the mammalian retina regulates melatonin synthesis. Furthermore, its antidepressant mechanism of action - which might also involve a circadian effect - has not been explored. We are interested in better understanding the relative contributions of light and the circadian clock in regulating zebrafish retinomotor movements. All experiments were carried out at the same time of day to minimize any circadian effect on pupillary responses. Therefore, the absence of circadian modulation of coupling seems to be a general feature of fish horizontal cells. Circadian clocks located in the photoreceptors and retinal neurons have been shown to regulate melatonin synthesis in the eye. Circadian rhythms in mice can be regulated by photoreceptors with cone-like characteristics. Limulus photoreceptors are unique in that they are the only well-characterized opsin-based photoreceptors that do not contain their own internal circadian clock. To see whether different life styles are also reflected in the photoreceptor arrangements, we have included species with various circadian activity patterns. Here we show a circadian rhythm of retinal dopamine content in the mouse retina, and examine the role of melatonin in its control. All chickens were injected between 1 p. m. and 2 p. m. to normalize potential diurnal or circadian inputs. The most obvious circadian modulation of systemwide connectivity has to do with the changes due to conscious waking, dreaming, and unconscious slow-wave sleep. Signals that pass through the gate produce one cycle of a circadian oscillation in mood. However, early awakening has been seen as a phase problem by circadian-rhythm researchers. Other systems, most notably temperature, function in analogous ways to maintain circadian patterns. The institutionalized children failed to exhibit the typical circadian rhythm of cortisol levels; morning and afternoon cortisol levels had similar magnitudes. In other terms, hyperalertness and excessive crying may occur, when circadian alertness is not opposed by homeostatic sleep pressure. Negative feedback defines a circadian clock : autoregulation of the clock gene frequency. Effect of constant light and circadian entrainment of pers flies : evidence for light mediated delay of the negative feedback loop. Wrist actigraphs worn for 72 h were used as an objective measure of activity, sleep, and circadian rhythm. By increasing lifestyle regularity and decreasing overstimulation, these interventions promote "balance" in the patient's life and work to stabilize the patient's circadian rhythms. After presenting an overview of the measurement and function of human sleep, we describe changes in sleep and circadian functioning across the life cycle. The changes in retinal sensitivity that occur with circadian rhythms add another layer of complexity to this system. Thus, for zebrafish, light and circadian clocks act to regulate molecular and physiological events impacting gene expression, behavior, and retinomotor movements. Circadian eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome. However, for species in which light triggers rhabdom shedding under the control of a circadian rhythm, this represents only half of the story. Dopamine affects both melatonin production and the retinal circadian clock. In addition, its importance in mammalian circadian regulation and in systems outside of the eye has not been evaluated. Circadian rhythms, synchronized to external environmental cycles such as day and night, occur in a broad range of physiological and behavioral processes. Recent observations, including the current report, suggest a complex interrelationship between homeostatic and circadian influences on sleep at the molecular level. Dampening of the cortisol response to handling at 3-months in human infants and its relation to sleep, circadian cortisol activity, and behavioral distress. However, the circadian rhythm of blood pressure was found to be preserved in the both studied groups. During the procedure continuous measures of the circadian rhythm are taken, typically including rectal temperature, melatonin, and cortisol. In the case of the circadian rhythm the evidence is very strong. The reason for this unpredictability is that most of the relevant data has been collected from cats, who are notoriously non-circadian in their sleep patterns. Circadian rhythms show persistent, stable periodicities of about 24 hours and may be observed in developmental, metabolic and behavioural events. Faces act through a gate, which opens in the morning and evening, controlled by a light-sensitive circadian oscillator. The process is not strictly contingent upon tidal ebb and flow: circadian dews and rainfalls can produce identical cycling. The cause of the normal circadian rhythm of excretion of water and electrolytes is unknown. Lithium lengthens the circadian period of individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. Evening saliva samples were obtained before and after treatment for ascertainment of circadian melatonin rhythm phase. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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