| 词汇 | example_english_chief |
| 释义 | Examples of chiefThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Though chiefs and chieftaincy are considered traditional artefacts of society, they require the invigorating authorisation and recognition of the state to operate with validity. Since 1979, there have been no female chiefs. As many respondents articulated, chiefs only have power if they are with the people. Beginning in the early 1990s, chiefs began to allow their communities to ' elect ' izinduna and traditional councillors. Rather than resist the implementation of new rules and practices, many chiefs have attempted to recast themselves as the ' authentic representatives ' of local communities. In addition, there are many examples where the elected councillor serves as part of the chief's isigungu as well. Like elected village chiefs, the currently nominated mayors find themselves in an ambiguous situation. Alternatively the resident sends a representative, accompanied by the deputy chiefs of the same seven villages, to investigate and resolve the case. Most of the assistant investigative squad chiefs served concurrently as guard battalion chiefs. Neither the ' urban politicians ', the ' rural farmers ', nor the ' traditional chiefs ' were homogeneous groups, as a wide range of recent studies have sought to show. According to this argument, chiefs who accepted bribes were guilty of violating custom. They and the major chiefs conducted sowing and first fruit rituals. Contrast this with the following estimated numbers of chiefs (no names) which are much higher. In normal parlance, chiefs who are forced to abdicate are destooled, not de-skinned. In the villages, however, the regime run by these administrators and chiefs appeared neglectful, capriciously oppressive and deeply corrupt. Struggles for political hegemony - between the chiefs, and between the parties - resulted in several rounds of restructuring of local administrative and political units. On the other hand, the delay of the state treasuries frustrated many chiefs. Even though the government was unable to arrest or try any of these three chiefs, each was effectively subjected to eating up. Tribunals were popular with chiefs, and suspending or reorganizing them threatened important sources of revenue : fees and fines. The chiefs were deposed and, in the first two cases, replaced with colonial proteges. Under the monungwa were several ' lesser chiefs ' or banyampara. She carried out her basic responsibilities to her people, her allies and her overlord in the same manner as other land chiefs. In the first model party secretaries dominate the village power structure, that is there are strong party secretaries but weak village chiefs. Elected village chiefs increasingly resist party secretary control over village economic associations, and demand the right to control the village economy. The chiefs represented the matrilineal clans and lineages and were nominated by the senior women. By early 1994, local chiefs were able to stop the violence and bring some semblance of peace to the area. After today there will be no kings or diviners or chiefs (sayyids). All of the town mogaji (household heads) and junior chiefs competed to gain the vacant post. An attempt was made to contact the chiefs of all departments providing discrepant responses by telephone. The municipalities at our surveyed sites encompassed many villages (between 60 and 118) in the administrative sense, and hence a corresponding number of chiefs. They assured the chiefs that the sons would be taken care of and would be taught all the knowledge of the white man. More people dispersed to villages and the power of the chiefs waned. They were, however, more often spoken of as ' sultans ' than as chiefs. Collaboration between colonial officials and chiefs to control female migration was not easy. The chapter on chiefs and the colonial ' invention ' of history is the book's weakest. Diviners and their mediums now practiced independently of chiefs and the induua oracle sprang up outside of the colony to cope with witchcraft. Through petitions, chiefs elaborated their respective claims to power and sovereignty. The village chiefs were responsible for the supervision of the cultivation, collecting, and transportation of the produce in their units. The kombere naaba, himself nominated by, and depending on, the king, is responsible for nominating the village chiefs. He also comes across as especially congenial in his personal dealings with wary chiefs and warriors. Once chiefs were installed, the boundaries of their territories were gazetted - a process that generated heated disputes from rival claimants to land and subjects. Both the number of chiefs and the names varied considerably. In this changed context, the administration sought new allies in customary chiefs, whose cooperation was essential for labor recruitment and taxation. The necessary legislation was in place by the late 1920s, but getting chiefs to follow the rules was another matter. If chiefs told many stories, colonial officials alternated between portraying custom as fixed and timeless and lamenting its vagaries and elusiveness. After 1935, chiefs were no less interested in turning office to profit than they were before. Even when messengers actually did destroy roadside-canteens, their owners soon resumed business once the paramount chief's servants had departed. In other words, but for the active intervention of the chiefs, very few migrants were willing to travel to the south. Where no chiefs existed, they were created ; and where they did, the administration's candidates were often preferred over more popular choices. The rebels freed four recruits who were being held in the chief's compound. French officials held their own employees to a higher standard than the rest of the population, even chiefs. In the southwest, where most local opium was produced, many minority groups were led by their own chiefs. Instead, beginning at least in the early twentieth century, parents, pastors, chiefs, headmen and colonial officials argued that young women were becoming increasingly licentious. Perhaps the chiefs' messengers had conveyed contempt where none was intended ? Elections in turn change the behavior of village chiefs, who are more responsible and accountable to villagers. The survey methodology took the form of face-to face interviews with villagers, village chiefs, and township leaders. You'll find things on the grand chiefs who are men; their wives are not mentioned. After 1937, tribal courts in which cases were tried exclusively by tribal chiefs operated in every province and in the desert. In short, usually fields are passed on through matrilineal inheritance, and the chief's role is as judge or arbiter in dispute cases. Merchants and landowners (including tribal chiefs) made quick for tunes, while prices soared, to the detriment of the poor. The colony was divided into cantons, made up of villages, which were ruled by canton chiefs appointed by the governor. Elders again became the most influential leaders ; the colonial chiefs, as noted earlier, had little influence. The collection of colonial taxation was also directly remunerative for chiefs, who received a commission of some 10 per cent of what they collected. Such services involved the cultivation of the chief's fields by his dependants for protection which he assured and gave them. Unlike the 1994 and 1996 elections, chiefs at the national level did not threaten to boycott the elections. First, communities pressured their chiefs to allow elections as they sought to put more qualified leaders into these positions. Both courts had to contend with the fact that the customary land law gives title to both commoners and chiefs. He was involved in reconciliation agreements between chiefs of different cattle-raiding groups. Shortage of free time, together with a proscription on addressing male chiefs, has effectively barred women from participating in local politics and community affairs. Their growing force provided one major reason for the administration to strengthen the chiefs as an alternative. The political leaders were often (collaborating) chiefs who (or whose family) had been in power before the empire was established : the jom tube. Many chiefs did not see why the practice should stop. There were also chiefs who were sensitive to their own material losses. Instead, resettlement was to take place through the established hierarchy of indirect rule, via chiefs and headmen. Occasionally, legend reports that a chief's reign ended in an inglorious fall from power. Natural resources used to be communally owned, and each household was allocated land and water resources by the chiefs according to its needs. Helping relationships have been damaged by the chiefs. The permisionarios gave the money to the central chiefs for them to hire the foremen, chicleros, cooks and muleteers. On the other hand, by ameliorating grievances generated by cadres in the countryside, party chiefs tried to demonstrate the regime's benevolence. Apparently, the sunk costs and barriers to entry are lower in comparison to having a case heard at the chief's court. However, the state provides practically no resources for chiefs to exercise the role it has assigned to them. Increasingly the chiefs were treating land as their own property to dispose of as they wished. Traffic experts agreed with fire chiefs on value of height restrictions for controlling street congestion. Most of the former chiefs could only maintain themselves as pathetic figureheads. Witchcraft in contrast is thoroughly plebeian: princes and chiefs are neither accused of it nor attacked by it. None of the canton chiefs or their retainers were recruited locally. The analysis would suggest that the thorough cipipification of chieftaincy saved the institution from outright abolition, even if a good many individual chiefs were removed. He called for the removal of chiefs who were strangers to their subjects and for a return to ethnic purity. Only a few of the colonial chiefs thus created had been powerful men before ; their legitimacy was limited. The downfall of the chiefs was followed by loss of prestige among their underlings, the village headmen. With colonial rule, literate outsiders were appointed chiefs and became insiders. Colonial power was limited by chiefs' obligation to ensure community well-being to maintain the legitimacy on which colonial authorities depended. As an incentive to encourage aggressive collection, the colonial government allowed the chiefs to retain a small proportion of the proceeds. She downplays the administrative practice, in recognizing chiefs, of supporting one ruling-family faction against another on political grounds. They continued to meet, and to do so without the senior chiefs from their quarters. The associations generally were led by civil servants and chiefs who, as state employees, were particularly vulnerable to administrative coercion. Frequently former chiefs occupied posts in the new hierarchies of popular power or the latter co-existed with royal rule by other means. A parallel phenomenon seems to occur in early agricultural societies when mounting economic surpluses make possible the emergence of chiefs, kings and even emperors. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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