| 词汇 | example_english_chemist |
| 释义 | Examples of chemistThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. By constructing and properly ordering a chain of individual dissolutions in the laboratory, chemists might somehow expose the whole chain of nature. They defined chemical elements as those that chemists could neither decompose nor produce in their laboratories. Although done in the name of freeing nature's own expressiveness, the willful and directed character of chemists' activity necessarily constrained the outcome. When speaking of chemistry as an art, chemists used the term primarily as a synonym for craft. The elements that chemists defined as nature's primary principles of activity seemed uncapturable. Substances simply were brought forth synthetically (constructed de novo) by enterprising chemists. Of course, not every physicist regarded the chemists' announcement as a professional threat to the same degree. Correspondingly, physicists experienced professional pique at the chemists' seeming success and acclaim. Moreover, these subjects are frequently of concern for physical chemists and spectroscopists interested in the behaviour of molecules in solution. Similarly, chemists have also known for a long time that chemical affinity results from the attractive interactions between chemical entities. Similarly, until very recently, chemists and biochemists lacked the methods to investigate the effect of forces or torques on molecules or on their reactions. What criteria, for example, should chemists employ for naming newly isolated, as yet undetermined, airs? Were chemists justified in extending their claims from the laboratory to nature at large? The discourse of elements and principles served a rhetorical function of securing for the chemists some superiority over common druggists. In this endeavor, he found it necessary to reform chemists' discourse of principles and elements. He presented them as a research project, tempting chemists to test their elementary status. The period ranging roughly from the late 1740s through the mid-1780s saw chemists working explicitly toward that end. The chemists attempted, as a matter of social arrangements, to bring the topic of nuclear fusion into their own domain of operation, but failed. Many chemists believed that they could obtain running mercury from minerals, particularly from metallic bodies. The chemists' case therefore awaited some account of the shortfall of the neutron emissions that would appear in harmony with established physical theory. Candidates could be licensed as physicians, surgeons, accoucheurs, apothecaries or chemists and druggists. The occupations of the overseers included teachers, policemen, chemists and rice dealers, for it was they who were in daily contact with the poor. Here there seems to be a role for surface chemists - those who study the interactions of particle surfaces with dissolved substances through several phases. The bill would allow the sale of contraceptives in chemists' shops and hospitals and the supply of some contraceptives on prescription only. Therefore, this technique may also be useful to chemists who wish to study the geometry of the molecular structure. Mining chemists had little practical interest in the customary purpose of chemical explanation, to find the causes of the properties of substances. What counted was that its action - which chemists might follow as a thread through the weave of nature's fabric - could be observed, manipulated, and recorded. However productive chemistry might prove in an applied sense, chemists declared their dependence on nature for any truthful revelations. At that time, chemists formed the belief that organic matter was composed of a small number of elementary substances. Dissimilarities show up recognizably in the characteristic ways that physicists and chemists have played their own scientific games. In the lyceums and surveys chemists had become the heads of geological surveys and doctors had presented papers on astronomy. Three chemists who developed conducting plastics for the next generation of electronics were awarded the chemistry prize. Nucleotides are not easy to make, as organic chemists know, and as is evidenced by the long pathways to nucleotides within biochemistry today. Sales by chemists were much more important and doctors were equally important. However, even if chemists could be given all known low molecular weight compounds, they would be unable to make life in the laboratory. To these chemists, this marked the turn from art to science. Nature, meanwhile, cut a path straight through the chemist's laboratory, leaving a revelatory trail of truths within those walls and vessels. The utilitarian warrant for these tables was that chemists could use the data as if they had generated them themselves. Perhaps more fundamentally, chemists detected no necessary mark of unitary organization in the set of phenomena they instrumentally revealed. What of cases where such knowledge eluded chemists or was ambiguous? What this required was a certain view of chemists' relation to nature and a certain view of nature itself. Both the general concept of art and specific practices of eighteenth-century chemists are explored to account for this transition. Instead, chemists gave (at least, implicit) shape to a variety of approaches through their literary technologies. The important point to stress in our context is that the two models (the chemist's and the physicist's) to a great extent were mutually independent. By 1880, organic chemists were in possession of an empirical and theoretical subdiscipline that was sufficiently complete to enable the design of new reaction pathways. The fact that chemists were as yet unable to make complete extractions and to produce these principles in pure state rendered the theory somewhat uncertain. As chemists freely acknowledged, these philosophically defined principles were never isolated in pure form. The emergency situation stimulated brainstorm activity on the part of agricultural chemists, who organized the production of fertilizers and searched for non-traditional substitutes. In the theoretic controversy, the panel subscribed to three conclusions, in increasingly sharp conflict with the chemists' claims. Given that chemists were unable to isolate these five elements in pure state, however, his definition of elements remained an analytic/philosophical ideal or a mirage beyond their reach. One might say that, especially prior to the eighteenth century, chemistry lacked discipline in that it possessed no unitary set of rules to which all professed chemists were to adhere. Until now the most contradictory opinions have prevailed among chemists and physiolog ists concerning the cause of the so-called spontaneous [freiwilligen] decomposition processes of lifeless organic substances. Since then chemists and geologists have provided interpretations based on experimentation, field surveys, and laboratory analyses and unlocked many of the mysteries of this very unusual material. The dynamic was convoluted, as chemists with different agendas, training, techniques and aptitudes took on the task of ordering knowledge about their particular corners of the chemical world. The report therefore marks - to the physicists'great advantage - the reestablishment of the preexisting state in both the theoretic and professional controversies that had opposed physicists to chemists. The dissent of some chemists from their colleagues' stance of support toward the cold fusion claims tells us something more about the strength of disciplinary affiliations in scientific controversies. First, the chemists' sense of professional triumph and the physicists' corresponding feelings of pique probably drove members of both sides to display solidarity with their fellow-professionals. Pasteur did send representatives to advise the local chemists who prepared the rabies vaccine, but these chemists noted differing practices and unequal quality of the vaccines produced. Anyway, in those days all nature, all human life seemed to us to be rather clear, and we looked condescendingly upon physicists, chemists, and utilitarians, who rummaged in course matter. Indeed, some theoretical physicists seemed disposed to entertain the chemists' claims, at least to the extent of sketching new theories to explain how fusion might occur at low temperatures. The conclusion to be drawn is that contraceptives must be made available to unmarried women through channels in addition to general practitioners' surgeries, clinics, hospitals and chemists. Physicists, chemists and astronomers of the world, unite ! As has been shown above, early seventeenth-century chemists did not have a notion of chemical substance, but rather focused on natural "mixta" and their natural changes. Should chemists define and name substances by powers of affinity, relations to various solvents, sensory attributes (color, taste, or smell), physical state (solid, liquid, or air), or associated chemical processes? Even if they were studying the same body, physiciens examined its motion and rest, physicians, the cause of health and disease, and chemists, its resolution and coagulation. While expressing bewilderment and frustration over chemists' indiscr iminate use of terms, therefore, he actually provides us with a more lucid character ization of the distillation products. In any case, all of these properties, traditionally designated as physical properties, were used as such by chemists to characterize the substances with which they work. Consequently, while chemists throughout the eighteenth century aspired to reveal nature's "true voice," the path of their investigations was directed by and toward their laboratory manipulations. The core narrative line, as the title indicates, follows the chemists' pursuit of affinity as the key to understanding chemical reactions and the relations among chemical substances. Despite the efforts and declarations of chemists, they could not rein in nature's fundamental elements (as they defined them) by the instrumental bounds of their art. Lack of apparent decomposability could just as well be due to the strength of these bodies' affinity with oxygen overpowering the strength of the chemist's efforts. A manual for the use of analytical chemists and experts. The majority of the facts on which this opinion is based were nonetheless ignored by many of our greatest chemists and regarded as a physiological fantasy. Mathematics and statistics for chemists. The chemists should be capable of applying the results of their investigations and latest researches at the colleges or universities to the industry concerned. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I admit also that it interferes with chemists. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I am fairly confident that the chemists have not been brought into the discussions if. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 As his noble friend pointed out, chemists often operate, and reasonably operate, a rôta service, which means that most of them are shut. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Would it be possible for the unpaid chemists' bill to be paid out of the surplus before the surplus is distributed? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 You cannot pack in physicists and chemists in the same way that you can students of the humanities. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 They want to work on the very latest thing, just as the chemists do in their line. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Four spend their time checking on the dangerous drugs registers in chemists' shops, which leaves only 12 men to work in the field. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Small shops like chemists fulfil a useful and necessary function. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I could quote one instance in my constituency where there were chemists who were members of a union and also members of a staff association. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 You will now need a supply of purified water and 95% alcohol, again obtainable from dispensing chemists. Nonetheless, the quantum chemists have remained patient and undaunted. They weren't chemists; but they started mixing ammonium nitrate fertiliser with diesel fuel, and detonating the mixture with dynamite. They are paid for remaining open after normal hours on a rota basis and sums are paid to keep chemists open in remote areas. Understanding the cause of photobiological uncertainties and their consequences constitutes a current challenge for atmospheric chemists and photobiologists. We now know that many other physicists and some chemists were later to be faced with very difficult choices. He was one of the most famous physical chemists of his day. Therefore, chemists ideally need a single pure enantiomer to put in their drug product. She is attuned to the workings of theory and philosophy in the laboratory and the didactic practices of chemists. He thus presented chemistry as a single science and chemists as a unified group of practitioners with common aims. There existed some substances which stopped the analysis - earth, water, air, and fire - whatever means chemists employed. While he appreciated chemists' labor and skill in harnessing nature, he could not endorse the discourse of chemical philosophy that was open to wayward interpretations. On the one hand, they had to conform to chemists' analytic practice. As chemists reported and named their findings, it became increasingly clear that a number of differentiating criteria were possible. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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