| 词汇 | example_english_calf |
| 释义 | Examples of calfThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Therefore, during the simulation of our models, we take samples from individual calves according to the actual sampling dates. Therefore, we introduce calves into our models according to their actual dates of birth. Weaned beef and dairy calves have been reported to have a higher prevalence of infection than unweaned calves [22, 25, 44]. Even more prominent differences were observed between calves infected with the above-mentioned isolates. The parasite mainly affects first grazing season calves causing diarrhoea, malabsorption of nutrients and, in severe cases, death. Evidence for genetic control of nematode eggshedding rates in calves. Nevertheless, calves from all groups developed serious disease following the challenge infection. Finally, although a substantial degree of immunity was induced by the primary infection, it was insufficient to protect calves from lungworm disease after challenge. Eight calves cloned from somatic cells of a single adult. To confirm the immune status of the calves, reductions in worm burdens were measured after treatment with benzimidazoles at housing and at subsequent challenge infection. Rectal samples were obtained aseptically from calves by rectal palpation. Blood samples were obtained from calves 48 h after birth and then approximately every 7 weeks through weaning. The limited numbers of calves preclude using these data to estimate the percentage of calves susceptible to infection from low dose exposures. Approximately 20 weaned heifer calves were selected each year as replacements for dams culled from the herd. Infection of calves appears to occur shortly after parturition with the most likely source of infection being their dams. In 1996, 67 calves and in 1997, 85 calves were tested 1 week pre- and 2 weeks postweaning. Description of a model integrating protein and energy metabolism in preruminant calves. Oxidation of nutrients in bull calves treated with beta adrenergic agonists. Timing of the breeding season may also be influenced by marketing alternatives for the calves. Perhaps a more persistent problem over the long term was the loss of livestock, particularly calves, lambs and goat kids, to forest predators. Nulliparous flies fed for six days on dung collected three days after treatment of calves with -cypermethrin or deltamethrin showed little or no ovarian development. Individual calves, or calves belonging to different groups, were placed in separate enclosures to avoid physical contact and possible cross contamination with the synthetic pyrethroids. By contrast, no larvae survived through to the adult stage in dung from calves treated one or three days earlier with deltamethrin, cypermethrin, or cyfluthrin. The effect on adult fly size decreased when larvae were exposed to dung collected at longer times after treatment of the calves. As in the case of sponge-carrying, beaching appears restricted to a few females, and may be passed on to their calves. During this study we also kept a record of the exact dates when samples were taken from calves. Rotaviruses have been described as important enteric pathogens in neonates of many species including calves and piglets. Each pool was sufficient to feed 6 newborn calves. The infectivity of all 3 cultures was tested by inoculation of 1-2 ml of complete culture into splenectomized calves. In contrast, herbage larval contamination on both pastures grazed by fungal treated calves remained low throughout the grazing season. Since all animals used in the experiment were owned by a private farmer the calves were not available for post-mortem analysis. The two groups of calves were kept in two pens with one pen in between throughout the duration of the study. In this way, grazing calves are exposed to infective lungworm larvae. Four were calves up to 1 year of age and the remainder were adults. Our recommendations following the second investigation strongly emphasized the need for substantially improved student hygiene practices and for interaction with healthier, older calves. Ten 3-day-old calves were purchased from a sales barn 2 days prior to the start of the semester. Upon arrival, several calves were scouring and one died within days. In the second set of challenges, 8 calves were placed in groups of 2 into both pens of both isolation rooms. None of the calves that were infected with local genotypes showed signs of overt disease. All the calves in this group had been on the farm since birth. Thereafter, the proportion of calves lost before weaning was given, as calculated from the data. However, the necessity of immunoglobulin protection also depends on the pathogen challenge to which calves are exposed. Two calves were also captured alive and carried on board. Clinical and pathological status of cloned calves born pre-term (abstract). In most reports, it is suggested that the mitochondria in nuclear transfer calves are not derived from donor cells, but rather from the recipient oocytes. Effect of different degradable protein and starch sources on the blood metabolites and rumen biochemical profile of early weaned crossbred calves. The degree of sublethal stress on feeding fly larvae is expected to decrease as the synthetic pyrethroid is eliminated from the calves. Dung from calves dosed with deltamethrin or flumethrin and control dung from untreated calves were used in the first set of larval assays. Consequently, adult and larval bioassays were used to investigate the influence of dung from calves that receive topical doses of deltamethrin, flumethrin, cyfluthrin and -cypermethrin. The calves were recruited within the first 2 weeks of life and thereafter visited bi-weekly. One of the calves died during the voyage. In this study, the calves were commingled for their entire lifespan, approximating a homogenously mixed population. Furthermore, only spring-born calves were included in the present study. In both instances, calves were the source for the multiple enteric pathogens implicated in these outbreaks. The farm manager was encouraged to purchase calves from a single source, to isolate ill calves, and to prevent student interaction with ill calves. However, it is likely, given the lack of sero-conversion, that vaccination was unsuccessful in these calves, although they appeared resistant to local challenge. On day 48 postvaccination 13 out of the 15 vaccinated calves had sero-converted (calves 2 and 12 remained seronegative). The immunogenicity of irradiated blood parasites for intact cattle and splenectomised calves. The milk given to the calves until weaning originated from a non-infected commercial dairy farm. Effect of nematode infections on growth performance of calves after stabling on commercial dairy farms. Because of its characteristic of binding to fat, fluazuron is excreted in milk and it is unnecessary to treat suckling calves. Fifteen calves were experimentally infected with 30 larvae at day 0, while the other calves remained as uninfected controls. Similarly, in previous studies in our laboratory, not all calves challenged with a dose of 10) c. f. u. became infected (data not shown). During the first 5 months of the investigation, 9 of 31 calves died in the 6th-8th week of their lives. At 10 days of age, calves were offered 250 g of a maize and soya-bran concentrate per day. At turn-out, all calves were exposed to a similar level of overwintered herbage larval contamination on all three plots (fig. 2). Neither adult worms nor inhibited larvae were found in any of the other calves. As a consequence of this procedure, samples from calves of approximately the same age were pooled. We assume an initial condition with no infected calves and, therefore, the very first infection in the cohort must be from external sources. In the case of all agricultural commodities except feeder calves, the mechanism for delivery on agricultural commodity futures contracts is physical exchange of the commodity. The butcher in his two wheeled cart appears to be negotiating with a drover for two older bull calves. In vitro maturation of follicular oocytes obtained from calves (abstract). The lymph nodes were removed from the calves between 8 and 16 weeks of age under local anaesthetic. The other 3 calves in these groups served to check if any unexpected interaction between the 2 parasitic infections would occur. The respiration rates of the calves were monitored weekly. Despite the relatively low e. p. g., total contamination by the calves was estimated at 2-8-3-4 million eggs/day. The herds consisted also female calves and heifers of various ages. Human cryptosporidiosis associated with an epizootic in calves. Students in the animal science class had direct contact with calves, horses, goats, sheep, and rabbits. Serum samples were taken from the calves both pre-vaccination and 48 days postvaccination. Only when all test results are available are calves cleared for use. Conversely, reduced tick numbers will increase the longer-term risk of babesiosis due to the reduced natural exposure of calves. All calves were housed indoors throughout the period of the experiment and were not exposed to extreme changes in either ambient or environmental conditions. There are few reports describing the tissue concentrations of a -tocopherol in calves with experimentally-induced subclinical nutritional myopathy. Therefore, that calves were the source of the outbreaks described here is not surprising. The data on calves refer to the time period 1980-1995. A change in colostrum management was proposed to the pastoralists, therefore, as a measure to improve the health and survival rate of calves. Small-sized faecal group pellets from calves were not collected. Irrespective of this, the fungus did not appear to have any obvious effect on the weight gains of the treated calves. An indicator of length of calving season was measured by the date by which approximately 75 % of calves were born. Consequently, calves and lambs could potentially receive an infective dose from ingesting a few grams of infected livestock faeces. Each season, the rectal samples were collected from different calves at different cattle sheds in a farm. The cattle and calves were housed in sheds and pens in adjacent buildings to the milking parlour or across the farmyard. In addition, there were more than 50 young cattle over 1 year old and 28 calves under 1 year old. During this farm study, individual calves were born into the cohort at different times. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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