| 词汇 | example_english_bottleneck |
| 释义 | Examples of bottleneckThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Mating system, bottlenecks and genetic polymorphism in hermaphroditic animals. Increased heritable variation following population bottlenecks : the role of dominance. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data. Repeated population bottlenecks lead to losses in genetic variation because of random genetic drift. The combination of paternal bottlenecks and correlated paternity increases the genetic identity of progeny across families and predisposes populations to biparental inbreeding in subsequent generations. Unless direct evidence for bottlenecks is obtained, or the alternative interpretations ruled out, this issue is unresolved. Strong bottlenecks cause phylogenies to have shorter external and longer internal branches. As a result, bottlenecks in the retrieval process could well lead to an underestimation of true storage capacity. Without bottlenecks, non-exponential kinetics will generally be expected for this downhill case. Similarly, snails from populations regularly experiencing bottlenecks may be more sensitive to parasites. Predicting functions from protein sequences - where are the bottlenecks ? However, it has the same disadvantages as the lazy tree approach: implementations on parallel computing systems may lead to bottlenecks and reproducibility problems. Both of these tasks are workintensive, resulting in labour bottlenecks that farmers have long combatted by employing seasonal labour migrants (firdou). Meanwhile, manuscript catalogues caused considerable bottlenecks, while printed catalogues became of necessity progressively dated as new stock was added. Periodic exceptions are more due to supply bottlenecks than to changing entrepreneurial preference. Tests for recent bottlenecks indicated that allele frequency distributions in all populations were typically hyperbolic thereby showing no loss of rarer alleles. Transmission bottlenecks as determinants of virulence in rapidly evolving pathogens. Epistasis and additi e ariance after bottlenecks population is expanded. In this paper, we have theoretically investigated the effect of successive population bottlenecks on the mean and the additive variance generated by two-loci systems. Nevertheless, the effect of linkage disequilibrium on the additive variance after multiple bottlenecks has not been analysed. The populations went through 11 bottlenecks consisting of 500 individuals each. The method could be adapted to other models of demographic history, including population subdivision and bottlenecks in population size. The conditions used here are bottlenecks of 10- or 100-fold differences in effective population size. A species may expand its range and number of individuals (expansion), or be restricted to a smaller area and number of individuals (bottlenecks). Providing an approach for analyzing current methodologies for flaws and bottlenecks, and suggesting necessary refinements. The advantage of antagonistic coevolution over other forms of selection is that the clonal bottlenecks may be more predictable. Contacts between even more distant elements of structure must also form when the folding bottlenecks of natural proteins are traversed. Quantifying the roughness on the free energy landscape : entropic bottlenecks and protein folding rates. Size of genetic bottlenecks leading to virus fitness loss is determined by mean initial population fitness. The second kind of question that aggregate statistics cannot answer relates to finding the true bottlenecks in the system. Effects of population bottlenecks on genetic diversity as measured by allozyme electrophoresis. The critical points in the agricultural cycle when priests were consulted-planting and harvest-were also bottlenecks for labor allocation. Effects of populations bottlenecks on genetic diversity as measured by allozyme electrophoresis. Power of neutrality tests to detect bottlenecks and hitchhiking. There is evidence, especially from the number of alleles, that the selected populations have been subjected to bottlenecks. The evolutionary consequences of bottlenecks are therefore less predictable than implied by the neutral additive model. Alternatively, this race may be associated with a series of severe populations bottlenecks (caused, for example, by the flood of 1807). After bottlenecks, the population mean always increases, since the genotypic value of the double heterozygote is lowest. Small populations showed greater divergence than large populations between the allele frequencies in the population and those in the pollen pool, indicating paternal bottlenecks. Therefore, dominance can be considered as the primary cause of an increase in the ancestral additive variance after bottlenecks. A numerical model has been developed that describes a similar behavior of fitness evolution of clones subjected to serial bottlenecks. Thirdly, even if parasites do invade, host population bottlenecks after introduction may break parasite transmission. There has been controversy over the effect of population size bottlenecks on the ability of populations to evolve. Unfortunately, there has been no investigation of whether the bacterial and other naturally available material would accelerate laboratory adaptation of flies of wild origin and avoid selection bottlenecks. However, given the poor acceptance by the market of the manure and given various bottlenecks in its marketing process, the quality aspect was not considered in the present study. In these systems, it was inferred that frequent population bottlenecks in selfing species were contributing to the reduction in organelle diversity, explaining suppression of variation in both genomes. One of the major bottlenecks in the process of engineering analysis by using the finite-element method- a design of the finite-element mesh-was a subject of improvement. However, the massive returns from mechanising yarn spinning, which encouraged the mechanisation of other textile processes by the progressive creation and clearing of bottlenecks, had no parallel. Do population size bottlenecks reduce evolutionary potential ? Population bottlenecks and nonequilibrium models in population genetics. 335 particularly important in small conservation programmes with potential bottlenecks in the pedigree. Moreover, for recessive alleles at low frequencies, the enhancement of additive variance after bottlenecks will always be penalized by a large inbreeding depression, excepting the case of favourable recessives. The role of epistasis in the increase in the additive genetic variance after population bottlenecks. Genetic variation in natural populations would usually be much greater than that in a strain of transgenic insects because these strains experience severe bottlenecks during production. Genetic drift alone is unlikely to drive genetic differentiation over such a small number of generations, unless it is accompanied by extreme bottlenecks and/or selection. Epistasis as a source of increased additive genetic variance at population bottlenecks. In these cases, we have found that an increase in the additive variance after population bottlenecks will occur only if its ancestral value is either minimal or very small. Although people likely applied strong selection during various phases of domestication, the bottlenecks were likely less severe in the grasses because of the need to grow large numbers for subsistence. Repeated genetic bottlenecks, which experimentally are carried out through serial plaque-to-plaque transfers of the virus, lead to a fitness decrease (a diminished capacity to produce infectious progeny). Population bottlenecks and nonequlibrium models in population genetics. Also, maintenance of the schistosome isolates in the laboratory results in each isolate passing through a number of bottlenecks thereby reducing the genetic variability of the population. The integration to the [incr tsdb()] profiling package proved to be very useful for debugging (ensuring results were identical to a reference system) and identifying performance bottlenecks. Evidence for distinct attentional bottlenecks in attention switching and attentional blink tasks. Thus, to avoid computational bottlenecks, where a large subset of the processors may be idle, dynamic scheduling can be used to divide computational work between processors. Populations always maintaining a small size or going through regular bottlenecks are therefore expected to maintain less diversity than larger populations for a given mutation rate. Population bottlenecks and patterns of human polymorphism. Every bit of the investment that has been made in the past is being under-utilised as a result of the subsequent bottlenecks. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 In spite of difficulties, obstacles and "bottlenecks," the agricultural engineering industry has gone forward, and is developing on a very considerable scale. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There are bottlenecks at the examination stage and also at the stage of printing the patent to be granted. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The recession is ending and, as everyone will know, when a recession ends the bottlenecks arise because of lack of skills. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I suspect, however, that until the approach roads are completed, bottlenecks will cause problems. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We do not want them to have bottlenecks, but the capacity to meet the demand which will undoubtedly be there. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The numbers will undoubtedly increase rapidly but shipping is still one of the major bottlenecks. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There are certain bottlenecks which he, could remedy if he looked into it. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The bottlenecks occur now because we are building houses. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Firms with the capacity, the floor space and the productive equipment must be brought into a grouping system with the main contractors to overcome bottlenecks. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Even in recession we have inflationary bottlenecks and skill shortages. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The object is to try to cure those bottlenecks in the economy which have caused rather more general destruction to the economy in the past. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There will remain bottlenecks on approaches to the town from all sides. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Even before the three-day week, supply and labour bottlenecks were already slowing down industry. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There may well be bottlenecks causing hold-ups and making it impossible to dispose of the rubbish as quickly as the input demands. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 What is needed is a careful, detailed policy designed, so far as possible, to avoid bottlenecks. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We also need to continue with road improvements to tackle bottlenecks to improve safety and reliability. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The bottlenecks of progress will not be found in our financial machine. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 All the causes of shortages would be analysed objectively for the purpose of giving a helping hand to industry to eliminate bottlenecks. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Administrative apparatus filleted to eliminate incompetence, lethargy and bottlenecks. Furthermore, the studies described here will provide evidence that identifies the location of structural processing bottlenecks. Evidence suggests that removal of these structural bottlenecks, which have been a focus of the development debate for decades, is a slow process. Lower import and lower production of primary resin were reported by the model because of technology and capacity bottlenecks. More work is needed to explain convincingly the incongruity between micro-economic bottlenecks and macroeconomic growth. During the establishment of these populations, bottlenecks and the effects of genetic drift may result in unrepresentative genotypic distributions and loss of variation. To create veridical information, the visual system must compensate for errors, data loss, and processing bottlenecks imposed by its imperfect design. Evidence for population bottlenecks and inbreeding was sought. However, it is unlikely that the rate of evolution may be accelerated after population bottlenecks, unless unrealistic parameter values are assumed. Distortion of allele frequency distributions provides a test for recent population bottlenecks. An increase in the additive variance after bottlenecks will occur only if its ancestral value is minimal or very small. However, to be practical several collective, generally defined coordinates can be used to multiply slice through the landscape in order to carefully characterize the bottlenecks. There are bottlenecks at each end of the system. Conceivably, funnelling could thus be so strong and so cannily distributed throughout the protein structure that no bottlenecks to folding remain. The two phenomena, bottlenecked life cycles and discrete organisms, go hand in hand. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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