Examples of bile

Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
In relation to goblet cell metaplasia of the bile duct epithelium, the bile contains a high content of mucous secretion.
The main cause of anaemia in fascioliasis is the passage of red blood cells into the gastrointestinal tract, presumably via flukes and the bile duct.
The presence of a variety of metabolites in the bile provides the opportunity for uptake by both diffusion and oral ingestion.
In vivo, this would aid the survival of the parasite because host factors, such as bile and the immune response, will induce further disruption.
Dicrocoeliosis causes irritation of the mucosa of the large bile ducts in definitive hosts.
Following entry into the liver, the fluke burrows through the liver parenchyma before reaching its final site in the bile duct.
In contrast, distinct vitelline follicles were present in 6-week-old flukes recovered from the bile duct.
In contrast, follicles were present in flukes at the earliest time of recovery from the bile duct, namely, 5 weeks 3 days post-infection.
Once the fluke has reached the immunologically ' safe ' environment of the bile duct, such a high level of secretory body production is not necessary.
The gall bladder and main bile ducts were opened and examined for trematodes.
Why did bile modify drug diffusion into the parasite ?
Only trace amounts of bile acids escape absorption and are subsequently lost in the faeces.
A total of 50 ml of each bile sample was also directly transferred to the above-mentioned media.
In these patients, the enterohepatic circulation, which reabsorbs about 90% of bile acids, is also deranged and the bile acid pool is severely depleted.
Decreased intestinal motility leads to bacterial overgrowth and bacterial deconjugation of bile salts.
An example of this type of retention is provided by cholangiocytes of the bile duct.
Equivalent quantities of bile acids lost in the faeces are synthesised from cholesterol in the liver to maintain a constant bile acid pool.
In the normal situation oestrogens (and mono-hydroxy bile acids) are conjugated with sulphate (non-toxic polar compounds) or glucuronide (hepatotoxic and cholestatic compounds) in the liver.
Bile acids are invariably raised but normal levels do not preclude the diagnosis and repeat samples should be sent if the symptoms persist.
There is a theoretical risk with evidence that secondary bile acids may be cytotoxic.
The relative merits of individual liver function tests, including bile acids will depend on what the fundamental pathophysiology and cause of morbidity or mortality is.
Lithocholic acid is the most hydrophobic and cytotoxic bile acid and not reabsorbed in large amounts.
Biliary stents inserted in patients to relieve obstructions of the bile duct are highly likely to become occluded by microbial growth.
Isolated hepatocytes can signal to other hepatocytes and bile duct cells by release of nucleotides.
Worms were harvested from the bile duct by dissection.
Influence of diet or intrarectal bile acid injections on colon epithelial cell proliferation in rats previously injected with 1,2-dimethylhydeazine.
The present study is the first report of tenascin expression in bile duct cancer induced by a combined parasitic infection and carcinogen treatment.
Together with bile duct epithelial changes, periductal connective tissue is increased around the biliary passages and the portal tract.
The walls of dilated bile ducts showed thickening and were highly echogenic, whereas the common bile duct showed only mild dilation and slightly thickened walls.
A central element of this hypothesis is that the acanthocephalans take up bile-bound lead in the small intestine.
In the chronic stage of infection, adenomatous tissue is gradually replaced by fibrous tissue, thus causing thickening of the bile duct wall.
The large intestine, bile duct and pancreatic duct were also examined for worms.
Two samples including gallstone and bile were provided from each patient.
Within the portal areas there was a mild proliferation of bile ducts.
The relatively small pool of bile acids (3-5 grammes) circulates 6-10 times a day.
Perhaps some of the bile within these pages might be the evidence of a first step in detoxification.
Moreover, immature hepatic transport systems can contribute to impaired handling of bile salts and other organic anions in a cholestatic setting.
In cholestatic disease in general, secondary bile acids disappear from the biliary bile consequential to the reduction of primary bile acids in the intestine.
There is a great deal of animal work that suggests bile acids may be responsible.
The findings described raise the possibility that other as yet unidentified transport proteins may be involved in movement of bile acids into and across hepatocytes.
Measurement of bile acid fractions is not widely available and measurement of total bile acids are usually performed.
The liver expels lead ions by binding them to steroids in the bile.
Similar vitelline follicles were observed in 6 week 3 day-old and adult flukes recovered from the bile duct.
In flukes recovered from the bile duct, the staining patterns with the two stains were similar, with the exception of the eggs in the uterus.
The latter are located in cysts within liver tissue and thus have no access to bile acids which are produced in the liver.
The bile duct was cut open, and subsequently the liver was sliced up and examined for liver flukes.
There was no evidence of parasite invasion into the bile duct in the latter mouse.
There are two main types of primary cancers in the liver, namely, hepatoma derived from hepatocytes and cholangiocarcinoma derived from bile duct epithelia.
Comparing pre- and non-immunized livers, lymphocyte infiltration around the bile duct filled with liver flukes was much stronger in non-immunized animals.
The vaccinated sheep at necropsy presented lower fluke recovery (24.5%), lower number of eggs in bile fluid (58.1%), and faeces (40.3%) over control groups.
Eggs were analysed without fixation in filtered faeces or bile.
Cholangiographic findings show the flukes within the lumen of the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreatic ducts as well as ductal dilation and periductal tissue reaction.
The parasites were kept in the bile at room temperature.
In the colon, these deconjugated bile salts act as secretagogues (secretory agents) and cause secretory diarrhoea.
The pruritis of cholestasis: from bile acids to opiate antagonists.
Collectively, these findings suggest that pregnancy in rodents induces a significant perturbation of bile secretory function.
An increased awareness of the disease may lead to overdiagnosis but this can be tempered by measurement of serum bile acids.
However, there have been many reports suggesting but very few reports supporting the involvement of secreted proteinases in bile salt-induced excystment.
The major microscopic findings in the earlier stage of clonorchiasis are periductal oedema and acute inflammatory cellular reponses in the bile duct walls.
Elevated levels of bile acids in colostrum of patients with cholestasis of pregnancy are decreased following ursodeoxycholic acid therapy.
All strains were confirmed by colonial morphology (-haemolytic colonies), susceptibility to optochin and solubility in 2 % bile salt.
Infants were considered to be carrying pneumococci if they had a culture-positive or bile sensitivity test-confirmed specimen.
Chemically, such calculi in the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts are composed almost entirely of bilirubin carbonate.
Frequently the lumina of these bile ducts contained some worms producing extensive eroded areas in the epithelial lining.
Cholangitis was observed not only in septal bile ducts, but also in the interlobular bile ducts, in which parasite eggs or flukes were never observed.
Cholangitis and cholangiectasia of the septal bile and hepatic ducts were observed.
After excysting, growth to adult worms occurs in the lumen of the small intestine and bile duct.
Ten of 17 hamsters showed a massive infiltration with lymphocytes around the bile ducts, while less infiltration occurred in the preimmunized group.
Often high levels of serum bile salts and serum aminotransferases are seen in this condition, and should alert one to the diagnosis.
At 6 weeks 3 days p. i., flukes from the bile duct contained extensive vitellaria.
The present study has shown that there is no evidence for the presence of the vitelline cells prior to entry into the bile duct.
The production of bile by the host is therefore extremely important in the development of acanthocephalans.
The data suggest that the reproductive system is not fully mature prior to entry of the fluke into the bile duct.
We suggest that pectin promoted parasite establishment through effects on bile sequestration in the lumen.
Consequently, bile acids act as detergents and bring water-insoluble material into solution by forming a negatively charged aggregate called a micelle.
The highest total availabilities of the 3 compounds were obtained in liver flukes incubated in the absence of bile.
First, in the loanwordjauxiliary combinations it is possible to interrupt the string with a free function word such as bile ' even ', as in (36a).
Diocles believed that phlegm cooled and compacted the blood, whereas bile caused it to boil and curdle.
Although the pathogenesis of this disease is unknown, a genetic hypersensitivity to female hormones (oestrogen and/or progesterone) or their metabolites is thought to impair bile secretory function.
Worms were recovered in the distal bile duct after only two weeks post-infection, but were mainly located in the common bile duct and the right and left hepatic bile ducts.
Characterization of humoral immune response in the serum and bile of patients with opisthorchiasis and its application in immunodiagnosis.
The earliest record of entry into the bile duct of the rat host observed in the present study was 5 weeks 3 days (38 days), following infection with 20 metacercariae.
Comparative effects of anionic, natural bile acid surfactants and mixed micelles on the intestinal absorption of the anthelmintic albendazole.
A positive correlation was observed in the present study between subjects' customary fat consumption and postprandial bile acid and triacylglycerol levels.
The present study shows that the bran diets increased both the daily faecal excretion of bile acids and faecal weight.
In conclusion, oat and rye bran intake increased the faecal weight and the daily excretion of total bile acids in hamsters.
Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to hydrophobic bile acids leads to intracellular production of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxides.
Whereas taurine-conjugated bile acids are well tolerated, glycine-conjugated bile acids are extremely cytotoxic.
The last few years have brought significant advances in our understanding of bile acid transport in liver and intestinal cells.
However, the exact role of this protein in intracellular transport of bile acids and cytoprotection was undefined.
A classical intoxication is followed by the splashing of soda-water, by frothy effusions of ordinary bile.
The precise mechanisms underlying pregnancy-induced changes of bile secretory function are not known.
Intestinal bacteria are generally tolerant of the emulsifying properties of bile, so it is therefore commonly used to differentiate these bacteria from other species.
The changes in bile acid concentrations in normal pregnancies have not been widely reported.
Pathological elevation of bile acids is however only considered at levels much higher than these.
The bile duct shows not only desquamation but also marked hyperplasia of epithelial cells.
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