| 词汇 | example_english_aversive |
| 释义 | Examples of aversiveThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Odours of parasitized males induce aversive responses in female mice. Most of this work focuses on behavioral responses to potential threat or aversive stimuli, and the neural systems involved in withdrawal or harm avoidance. In a second developmental step, normative differences in how boys and girls respond to challenge are amplified by chronic exposure to aversive family environments. In addition, adolescents would show a relatively weaker engagement of the avoidant system in aversive conditions in the context of a goal-directed action. If we feel rejected by a group we may respond with aversive behaviour, as children do when they feel rejected by their parents. Adults with depression may even respond to pleasant stimuli as though the stimuli are aversive. Aversive environmental conditions, as well as internal pathologies, at one stage of developoment may have consequences for adaptation at both that and later stages. Pain is a sensory-motor feeling state with aversive motivational (hedonic) value. Primary among these functions is to signal to caretakers the existence of aversive stimuli. Indeed, more robust activity in the amygdala often accompanies the presentation of aversive stimuli that are more arousing than the corresponding appetitive stimuli. A neuroscience account of aversive conditioning might refer to the amygdala and temporal cortex and perhaps the role of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine. Maternal depression and sibling antisocial behavior increase the frequency of aversive events experienced by a child. Nattering was the probability that the parent responded with aversive behavior, regardless of the child's behavior. Thus, fearful expressions may act as unconditioned aversive stimuli to encourage conspecifics to avoid the object/action that elicited the expression. We could have used greater concentrations of the material, but we knew that greater strengths of the solution were aversive, not attractive, to male monkeys. We find losers more risk aversive than winners in just one of the six tests. Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in humans studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. The avoidant behavioral system underlies withdrawal from aversive cues and is typically associated with negatively valenced emotion. The tendency to explore the aversive area of the novel environment was greatest in mice with low infection on initial exposure. They therefore tend to agree more closely about what are rewarding or aversive experiences. Because patients with dementia have limited language and communication abilities, it is difficult to identify the source of aversive behavior. However, no studies have addressed whether earned secures maintain positive parenting under the pressures of aversive environmental conditions. Negative affectivity : the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Would the acoustics of the child's long cry bouts become "abnormal" and so aversive that adults would provide suboptimal care? Thus, in negative reinforcement, one does something to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus. The social environments in which many children now live offer minimal support for healthy emotional development and are often openly and multiply aversive. Similarly, if they have found learning the content to be aversive, they will less likely to put in the effort needed to succeed in school. Through the production of fear and anxiety, the system actively inhibits appetitive behaviors when aversive consequences are anticipated. Intact animals and people who are low ranking likewise withdraw from these aversive social contacts. Effects of threat and safety signals on startle during anticipation of aversive shocks, sounds, or airblasts. The event most immediately following the overt act is an increase rather than a decrease of the aversive emotion. The effects of aversive disruptors are entirely consistent with those described above. Turns away (avoidance), suppresses an ongoing activity, or gets more involved with an alternative activity from others' aversive emotions. By these cognitive and attentional means, they insulated themselves from the modeled distress and learned little from the model's aversive experiences. In contrast, personal distress is a self-focused vicarious emotional response that results in aversive, uncomfortable feelings. In fact, people regulate their everyday emotional life by developing strategies for managing vicarious arousers, especially the aversive forms. Although future work is needed to resolve this, we suggest the following as an explanation for the lack of difference between aversive and neutral words. The expression of anger signals protest against the aversive condition. To illustrate further with respect to aversive conditioning: a cognitive psychological account of aversive conditioning might make reference to the formation of stimulus- reinforcement associations. Many social animals, including humans, find the experience of the distress of conspecifics aversive. Effects of postnatal stress on dopamine mesolimbic system responses to aversive experiences in adult life. The clearest cortisol effects in response to aversive procedures, however, have been seen in newborns and young infants. According to coercion theory, aggressive and depressive behavior are two distinct response classes that children may display in response to highly aversive home environments. In this view, emotion is seen as a representation of the intensity of activation or co-activation of either the appetitive or the aversive systems. Manipulation is suggested by the observation that colic is aversive to caregivers. Why might the lack of frontal development manifest itself as amygdala-dependent deficits in aversive, but not appetitive, tasks? In punishment, one ceases to do something in order to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus. Although the majority of the studies have focussed on rewarded behavior, there is also evidence that dopamine can be released by stimuli that are aversive. Thus, a punisher, aversive stimulus, or negative reinforcer is said to decrease the probability of a response on which it is made contingent. In general, infected mice were less exploratory and less responsive to novelty and less aversive with respect to open and lighted spaces and predator odours. The endogenous cannabinoid system controls extinction of aversive memories. Reflectivity and learning from aversive events : toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. In both cases, actions are chosen that are aversive to the individual in the short run and beneficial only in the long run, if at all. In essence, this is a classical conditioning procedure training an animal to make an association between a neutral stimulus (cue) or situation (context) and an aversive stimulus (usually shock). Aversive stimuli likely have a greater biological relevance than appetitive stimuli, and they are thus more easily stimulated in a laboratory setting using standardized affective probes. However, the design employed in this study did not allow for a test of whether this intervention altered the expression of genetic influences on the children's aversive behavior. In the threat situation, the light signaled that the child might receive an aversive stimulus, a 100-ms blast of air (60 psi), against his or her throat. Specifically, we hypothesized that individuals with dysfunctional inhibitory control would be unable to take advantage of stimulus predictability to block the aversive impact of the noise blast. A contextual approach to the problem of aversive practices in families. Here it is argued that a certain level of stress is needed to feel pleasant, and that too little or too much stress is experienced as aversive. A one-factor explanation of altruism as avoidance of shame, guilt, or regret would not rely on the reduction of an internal aversive emotion after each altruistic act. Invalidating environments, by reinforcing escape and withdrawal behaviors, and meting out aversive responses at high rates, no doubt punish many intrinsic or self-initiated behaviors as well. Individual differences in electrodermal responsivity to predictable aversive stimuli and substance dependence. Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. The third feature is the affective or emotional value of recognized similarities/identities in the sense of an association with earlier rewarding, neutral, or aversive experience. Although maternal anger is presumed to be a significant part of these difficult encounters, research has emphasized the escalation of aversive behaviors, not the emotional tone of these interactions. The influence of context on lexical decision times for emotionally aversive words. Early failures in effective disciplining of minor child coercive behaviors leads to reciprocal exchanges in which the child and his or her parents and siblings become increasingly aversive. By acting she avoids these aversive consequences. Attribution of an aversive event to one's behavior was proposed to result in positive outcomes, whereas attribution to one's character was proposed to result in helplessness and depression. Effects of alcohol on psychophysiological hyperreactivity to nonaversive and aversive stimuli in men at high risk for alcoholism. First, animal and human research suggests that specific early aversive experiences, particularly acute stress, can lead to significant neuroanatomical changes, which can permanently affect future behavior. Many of the same regions that mediate reward processing are also involved in processing punishment, that is, mechanisms by which aversive, negatively valenced stimuli create and shape behavior. Participants were instructed to reappraise by generating an interpretation or a story about the unpleasant picture that would explain apparently negative events in a less aversive manner. A cognitive neuroscience account of a disorder marked by impairment in aversive conditioning might consider whether it was attributable to an inability to form stimulus-reinforcement associations, for example. In turn, depression may foster aversive and conflictual interpersonal encounters or disengagement from the social environment, causing further deterioration in relationships and the generation of additional interpersonal stress. Frequent and persisting aggression and depression reflect topographically distinct but not necessarily incompatible responses that are potentially functional in dealing with environments characterized by frequent aversive and infrequent positive events. A functionalist - reinforcement perspective would infer that opposition /aggression and dysphoria /withdrawal are alternative behavior sets that can be used to cope with highly aversive and non-supportive social environments. Mammalian substrates of aversive classical conditioning. Preattentive activation of aversive emotions. Self-awareness and aversive experience in everyday life. What research is being done into the use of aversive additives to the substances in order to make them less attractive to the glue sniffer? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Put another way, something aversive is occurring beneath the skin and engaging in the behavior decreases the level of discomfort. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Similarly, a popular belief is held that only children have aversive social skills, and therefore have a harder time making friends. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Food is reinforcing, and injury aversive, because past natural selection has favoured animals in which this was so. There is general agreement that a massive research effort needs to go into development of non-aversive procedures. Perhaps there are larger differences related to familial alcoholism in parents' aversive, negative parenting than in the supportive and consistent parenting measured here. Second, maternal depression and sibling antisocial behavior should be associated with children's exposure to frequent aversive family interchange. Three indicators were developed based on confirmatory as well as exploratory factor analyses: warmth/support, aversive behavior, and disciplinary skills. Notably, nearly all studies of affective processing in depression have emphasized aversive affective stimuli to the exclusion of pleasant stimuli. Thus, it is possible that right prefrontal asymmetry results in reduced inhibitory signals toward the amygdala, which would then maintain aversive-related responses. Evidence supports the view that maltreatment is associated with the learning of aversive social strategies, utilized in both peer and dating relationships. In turn, the patient has biological and psychological vulnerabilities that are elicited by aversive family interactions. Moreover, the risk estimates and difference scores were separately averaged across the 14 pleasant and the 18 aversive events. Whenever an aversive signal is used to obtain additional investment from another individual, this suggests conflict of interest and manipulation. Both choices involve negative reinforcement (escape or avoidance of an aversive outcome). Winners are thus risk aversive when evaluating electoral reform proposals, while losers may even be risk seeking. Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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