| 词汇 | example_english_atrioventricular |
| 释义 | Examples of atrioventricularThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Classification of hearts as univentricular or biventricular on the basis of the atrioventricular junctional arrangement is of practical benefit as will be discussed subsequently. Our series is unusual because of the presence of a large number of patients with biventricular atrioventricular connections. The atrioventricular connections through the common atrioventricular valve were equally shared between the ventricles. Only one posterior node was found in the patients with mirror-imaged arrangement, again with atrial stimulation revealing normal atrioventricular conduction in both patients. In between the anterior and posterior ridges, the fused atrioventricular cushions are attached, connecting these ridges at the atrioventricular side. When there are isomeric right appendages, there is usually a common atrioventricular junction, often with double inlet ventricle. There was moderate degree of residual leakage at two commissures (instead of one) of die tri-leaflet left atrioventricular valve (vertical plane of left ventricle). In both there was usual atrial arrangement with concordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. Small vegetations were observed on both the atrioventricular and arterial valves. Strong consideration should be given for permanent pacing in patients whose only source of atrioventricular conduction is via a bypass tract. His atrioventricular conduction was intact until 9 years of age, after which time he developed progressive atrioventricular block. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with first degree atrioventricular block that advanced intermittently to second degree atrioventricular block. Intracardiac inspection through a right atriotomy confirmed the discordant atrioventricular connections. Atrioventricular nodal block, therefore, should preclude the development of this common type of tachyarrhythmia. He had electrocardiographic evidence of intact atrioventricular nodal conduction through 9 years, and was troubled by recurrent supraventricular tachycardia throughout this period of time. Alternatively, it can be bordered in part by fibrous continuity between the leaflets of an atrioventricular and an arterial valve. One patient with rapid 1:1 atrioventricular conduction (heart rate 480 per minute) died in utero. In 4 of the patients, the presence of atrioventricular block was initially masked by the pre-excitation. Our study describes 5 children who had pre-excitation and underlying disturbance of atrioventricular conduction. Postoperatively, complete atrioventricular block was present and a pacemaker had to be implanted. Reoperation for significant residual regurgitation across the left atrioventricular valve continues to be the major cause for morbidity, both early and late. Subaortic stenosis caused by anomalies of the atrioventricular valves. Abnormal sinus node recovery time was identified in 8 patients, and subtle atrioventricular nodal abnormalities were encountered in four. The sinus impulse is distributed through the plain working myocardium of the atrial walls to reach the atrioventricular junction. The author believes that repeat tracings can be valuable when changing atrioventricular conduction is demonstrated. There was a common atrioventricular valve in two patients and left-sided atrioventricular valvar atresia in four. A discrete atrioventricular septum was seen, and there was no elongation of the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Two patients with atrioventricular septal defect had bridging atrioventricular valvar tissue undefined by magnetic resonance imaging, but detected by transesophageal echocar-diography. We should emphasize that hearts with absent atrioventricular connection are structurally different from those with biventricular atrioventricular connection. The incidence of preoperative atrioventricular valvar regurgitation had been similar in the patient with or without banding (38 vs 44%). One of these patients had double valvar replacement because of both right and left atrioventricular valvar regurgitation. Of these, 67 had a common atrioventricular orifice ("complete" defect) while the remaining 73 had separate orifices for the right and left junctions ("partial" defects). The balanced arrangement in atrioventricular septal defect with common valve is modified sometimes by hypoplasia of one of the ventricles, mostly by the left ventricle. The repair consisted of double patch closure of the septal defect, reconstruction of two atrioventricular orifices, and relief of pulmonary stenosis at all levels. We recently encountered two such cases, both with the segmental combination of mirror-imaged atrial arrangement, discordant atrioventricular connections, and double outlet right ventricle. The category of univentricular connections includes double inlet ventricles, along with absence of one atrioventricular connection. When a remnant of the interventricular membranous septum is also present, the so-called membranous flap, it lies immediately on top of the atrioventricular bundle. The atrioventricular conduction axis is marked by the broken line. Regurgitation of the left atrioventricular valve was evaluated only after the patient had been weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and was hemodynamically stable. Residual regurgitation of the left atrioventricular valve was the most common postoperative finding and it was present in 30 of our 43 patients (70%). One patient with a preoperative diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect with two atrioventricular orifices was found to have a common atrioventricular orifice. There is a complete atrioventricular septal defect with both an atrial and ventricular components seen. The remaining 53 patients underwent intracardiac repair, and the morphology of the atrioventricular valve was carefully observed at the time of the operation. The funnel consisted of myocardium that formed a continuity between the right wall of the atrioventricular canal and the ventricular septum. In four of our patients, the double orifice was found to represent an abnormality in the left valve of an atrioventricular septal defect. Postoperative echocardiography showed a satisfactory intracardiac repair with no residual shunts and minimal regurgitation across the left atrioventricular valve. In the atrioventricular canal the myocytes contain 30% of glycogen throughout development. Implantation of a pacemaker to treat postoperative atrioventricular dissociation was necessary in two patients. The inlet dimension was determined as the length from the lowest point ofthe left atrioventricular valve annulus to the apex. The second group of children had a complete atrioventricular septal defect, and the third had complete transposition with a ventricular septal defect. On fetal echocardiography, there was cardiomegaly with normal atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections and the heart rate was within normal limits. Associated malformations are frequent, and include pulmonary stenosis or atresia, atrial or ventricular septal defects and, more rarely, atrioventricular septal defect. The membranous atrioventricular septum can itself also very rarely be deficient in isolation. The positive findings consisted of enlargement of either the right or left heart chambers with or without atrioventricular valvar regurgitation. The other feature very easy to observe echocardiographically is the relation, in the same echo planes, between the atrioventricular valves and the infundibulums. Only rarely will the hingepoint of the antero-superior leaflet be displaced from the atrioventricular junction down the ventriculoinfundibular fold. At this stage, the wider curved end of the baffle is brought down onto the remnant of the atrial septum between the atrioventricular valves. Two patients developed permanent postoperative atrioventricular block requiring insertion of a pacemaker. The defect in this case is considered to be a part of the atrioventricular septal defect. The echocardiographic diagnosis was presence of a solitary ventricle with a single atrioventricular valve and an atrial septal defect. Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction revised nomenclature and concepts. All four patients had trivial regurgitation of their left atrioventricular valve as documented by epicardial echochardiography performed at the completion of the original repair. The patient had absence of the right atrioventricular connection, with concordant ventriculo-arterial connections, and naturally occurring pulmonary stenosis. We aimed to evaluate the frequency, presentation and prognosis of fetuses with atrioventricular septal defects. Four cases of right sided bundlebranch block and one case of atrioventricular block in three generations of a family. Histological examination showed a normal atrioventricular node and bundle, adjacent to the aneurysm. The common atrioventricular junction may be guarded by a common valve or by separate right and left valvar orifices. Two infants developed atrioventricular block, one recovered and one required permanent pacemaker implantation. In all of our patients, including the older patient with severe preoperative atrioventricular valvar regurgitation, early and medium-term atrioventricular valvar function has been excellent. The atrioventricular septal defect had been effectively repaired, and the residual left atrioventricular valve had a deep "cleft" in its septal aspect. The distinction between the two entities depends on whether the atrial septum walls off the left atrium from the atrioventricular junction. Atrioventricular valvar atresia in the setting of isomerism, however, can produce problems in description. A long non-branching coronary artery emerges from the left-hand-facing sinus (sinus 2) and runs behind the pulmonary trunk to enter the left atrioventricular groove. Perimembranous defects are found only when there are biventricular atrioventricular connections, or else when the right ventricle is dominant. Absence of one atrioventricular connection can, very rarely, be found in the pattern producing the uniatrial but biventricular atrioventricular connection. An imperforate valve can be found in the setting of double inlet ventricle, or with any of the possible biventricular atrioventricular connections. The overall understanding of the nature of atrioventricular valvar atresia is then clouded still further by ongoing morphological controversies. Only the left atrium is connected to a ventricle (univentricular atrioventricular connection). After total correction at the age of 1 year, the cardiomegaly did not improve in spite of reduced atrioventricular valvar regurgitation. There were 7 patients with an atrioventricular septal defect. Note the common atrioventricular valve in the closed (left) and opened (right) positions. The myocardium of the rudimentary right ventricle is separated by the atrioventricular groove from the muscular floor of the blind-ending right atrium. At least two other patterns of biventricular atrioventricular connections can be found in congenitally malformed hearts. A murmur was noted incidentally at the age of seven weeks, and the echocardiogram showed tricuspid atresia due to absence of the right atrioventricular connection. Nonetheless, the impact of first-degree atrioventricular block merits including the topic in this review. In 1:1 atrioventricular conduction, every atrial contraction (a) is followed by a ventricular contraction (o). The left valve, because of the common atrioventricular junction, has the typical trifoliate configuration of an atrioventricular septal defect. After the formation of the fibrous atrioventricular junction, the ring becomes eventually located in the lower margin of the right atrial myocardium. Finally, we examined for adenosine-induced block of retrograde atrioventricular conduction after delivery of radiofrequency energy to gauge the efficacy of ablation of the accessory pathway. Typical atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, supported by dual atrioventricular nodal pathways, was found in eight patients, with the remaining 42 patients having 44 accessory pathways. The main finding of our study was the surprisingly poor prognosis of our patients with 2:1 atrioventricular block. Atrioventricular nodal block and retrograde block in the accessory pathway were noted in three patients. Seven other patients have progressed to permanent complete atrioventricular block 0.3 to nine years after their first follow-up, at 0.3 to 14 years of age. The old-fashioned name "atrioventricular canal defect" is arguably as good, or even better, than our preferred alternative "atrioventricular septal defect". In the past, we have referred to this area between the off-set hinges of the atrioventricular valves as the atrioventricular muscular septum. In this context, nonetheless, it would still be necessary to emphasize that the canal in question was the common atrioventricular junction. Repair by arterial switch, coronary artery reimplantation, and right atrioventricular valved conduit. Both papillary muscles were hypertrophied, and the atrioventricular junction was dilated. The hinge point of the anterosuperior leaflet is at the atrioventricular junction. The volume of the atrioventricular cushions showed the morphological spectrum as well. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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