| 词汇 | example_english_artisan |
| 释义 | Examples of artisanThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. By deploying the language of class, the author argues, artisans sought to present themselves as representatives of a broader working class. The precise physionomy of the departmental electoral colleges naturally varied from department to department, but artisans, shopkeepers, and rural workers were scarcely in evidence anywhere. There, he had created voluntary guilds to alleviate the artisan's distress due to the introduction of freedom of trade. French experts were to teach the necessary skill to local artisans. Also, a large number of the artisans, mechanics and teachers she interviewed were children of cocoa farmers. When those ancestral heroes and producers inhabit a geographically distant locale, objects and artisans (perhaps even styles) from that place assume a special significance. While there are labour unions that have attained some successes, farmers, artisans, petty traders and female workers have not organised effectively to demand economic opportunities. The middle class consisted of artisans and people with small businesses. One group that disliked debasements included the guild members, shopkeepers, small merchants, and wage-earning artisans. A large overlap existed between the guild members and the janissaries after the latter began to moonlight as artisans and shopkeepers in the 17th century. Above all, he notes the degree to which artisans conducted their religious affairs on their own terms. All merchants and artisans thus were required to register as members of a trade hang. They were almost exclusively composed of artisans such as pattern-makers, turners, glovers, and the like. They both had a somewhat independent material base, as artisans or skilled laborers, and both maintained their separate religious beliefs. Most buildings had a shop front and traders and artisans located on these streets were at the same time shopkeepers. Interprofessional interest groups for independent retailers and artisans sprang up like mushrooms. Of course, interest in artisans, small shopkeepers, white-collar workers and other groups has not been completely lacking. With time, they came to exert influence over a number of weaving families by advancing money or yarn to artisans. The women among them found work as marketers and laundry women, domestics, seamstresses, teachers and artisans. At the same time, industrial machinery was displacing many skilled workers and artisans, cigar rollers and tinsmiths, for example. The 'people', from the artisans downward, and even some members of the lower borghesia, depended to various degrees on charity. 72 er ich weede the knowledge of farmers or artisans or managers in industry. A few worked as farmhands, but most of the old male migrants were workers or artisans. Furthermore, 45.1 per cent of all male cobblers and 16.9 per cent of female cobblers were co-operative artisans. The best examples in this respect are probably the large proportions of artisans among photographers and hairdressers, both highly specialized trades dealing with individual customers. Skilled workers' manhood is far less tied to public political categories (republicanism) than artisans' had been. Manufacturing capitalism has everywhere "been recruited from the higher strata of artisans and from aristocrats who had turned bourgeois" (p. 157). The master artisans could exercise their profession independently and were allowed to hire journeymen. The continuing importance of community, too, placed constraints on the ability to control artisans. The hopes of shopkeepers and master artisans concerning state intervention were disappointed. Essentially, rural innovators, some research-minded farmers, artisans, traders and landless labourers started to unpack the package and created new techniques and new institutions. Others point out that the non-migrant population over-represents farm occupiers, artisans, and fishermen, while under-representing both the rich and the poor. The majority of these later migrants were workers or artisans attracted by the prosperous labour market. The bulk of this group is formed of cottagers, artisans, lodgers, married servants, statare and agricultural workers who held no land. Below the yangban were farmers, artisans and merchants, as well as a specialist class of low level officials, the chungin. By contrast, wool-spinning was the most frequent activity of the wives of artisans and tradesmen (46.6 %, n=52). The remainder occupied a range of occupations, such as artisans, shopkeepers and merchants. Most, as in any society, were labourers, artisans, craftsmen: dockworkers, blacksmiths, bricklayers, plasterers, caterers and cigar rollers. In rural areas, analysis of occupations shows yeomen well represented, alongside husbandmen and artisans, but labourers almost entirely absent. Rates of village endogamy decrease for the group of artisans and traders, and are much lower for the day labourers. Copper coins were used by the soldiers and the lower-class urban artisans. All of these independent farmers and artisans were implicitly male. Contemporary chronicles are generally silent on crafts and the artisans who produced them, so to answer these questions we must study the objects themselves. In both contexts, the mean value of estates owned by artisans was significantly less (35 to 40 percent) than average-sized estates. The old mining centres, with the largest and oldest urban centres, concentrated artisans and merchants, although agriculture also penetrated these regions as well. The capital city of the province is found in this later macro-zone, and here were concentrated the government officials, the artisans and the merchants. The "connection with the praxis" does not yet indicate with which praxis the connection was established - the artisan's, the manufacturer's or the praxis with machines. The authors of this important scientific and technical cor pus are known as scientists as well as skillful mechanicians and artisans. The authors of some of these texts are mathematicians, mechanicians, and artisans. There was an even more dramatic expansion in the lower-middle class (clerical, technical; supervisory; artisans, small shopkeepers). Around 1500 a discursive formation developed which placed the clandestine workers in a sharp contrast to the honest and honourable master artisans. With the incentive typical of independent small proprietors, artisans were accustomed to working twelve- to sixteen-hour days as a matter of course. The propagandistic nature of elite art suggests that artisans, especially literate scribes, were highly valued for their abilities. The expansion of the karkhanas was particularly associated with the increases in the migration of skilled artisans discussed earlier in this essay. In the case of artisans in particular, every individual represented a productive resource that was extremely valuable to a labour-starved economy. While landless workers, crofters and artisans in most cases lived in small nuclear neo-local families, landholding farmers adhered to other patterns. A similar exchange circuit existed with local artisans ; in exchange for their labour and services, foodstuffs, fuels and raw materials were provided. Local interprofessional organisations of independent retailers and master artisans usually used a bipartite recruiting method. Public opinion held the urban retailers and artisans in the food sectors responsible for profiteering and famine. During the 1930s a recurring complaint in meetings of retailers and artisans was their lack of participation in policy, especially on the national level. Coiffeurs may not be the classical artisans of the imagination. In fact, however, the economic reforms begun in the summer of 1940 neither protected artisans nor allowed them to protect themselves. Table 6 indicates that estates belonging to merchants and artisans varied significantly in size. More than half the recruits were agricultural workers or mine workers, and a third were artisans. As in the electoral clubs, artisans or middle-class people headed smaller subgroups. The losers appear to have been those who worked outside the state sector, including artisans, co-operative employees, taxi drivers, and others. The artisans and storekeepers who represented a lower middle class felt threatened by the new middle class and foreign interests. Obviously artisans of the declining guild system regarded these new laboratories and their scientific managers as a symptom of larger social struggles. More than forty different professions have been distinguished within this social group, varying from artisans such as bakers and carpenters to high-ranking military personnel, merchants and priests. Only with the age of railways in the second half of the century, reducing transport costs and so overcoming market fragmentation, does the outlook for urban artisans improve. One mayor noted how ' these honourable artisans and heads of households ' were no longer to be found at the fort, but were working on the haciendas of the new colonisation. The submergible forests sustain timber, minor forest products, diverse flora and fauna, and other materials such as reed - a raw material used by traditional artisans and newsprint companies. Unlike the cooperative societies sponsored by the colonial regime after 1905, shahukars were willing to provide loans for 'non-productive' purposes, including wedding and festival expenses of the artisans. They included some artisans, mainly carpenters. However, all miss a crucial distinction: that is, they fail to differentiate between those artisans for whom this policy had a function and those for whom it did not. The third category includes most of the skilled artisans, such as bakers, blacksmiths, carpenters, mechanics, plumbers, and tailors as well as skilled factory workers, policemen, and bookkeepers. The smaller-scale artisan's house had a dirtfloor kitchen with a well, a workspace and a living space that could be as small as 6.6 square metres. Moreover, the wealthiest among them commissioned, financed and supervised substantial architectural and decorative projects in their communities that required them to interact with their epoch's leading artists and artisans. Because of the lack of police forces, the early modern urban authorities were dependent on the guilds for the control of deviant economic behaviour and illicit practices amongst the artisans. The majority of front-avenue tenants were middle or upper stratum merchants, while most of the back-street tenants belonged to the lowest classes + day labourers, pedlars and minor artisans. Each great landlord has an extensive household, and this in turn requires the presence of more traders and artisans. Local trade grew perceptibly and a thin stratum of relatively well-off artisans and merchants began to emerge. They were predominantly artisans, shopkeepers and small manufacturers, often in very humble circumstances, with a small élite of international merchants, factory owners and bankers. Both masters and the state found it more difficult, however, to bring skilled craftsmen, artisans and miners under the same kind of 'effective' control. There were, no doubt, many building artisans and suppliers of food and drink among the inventories categorized here as smallholders or as labourers. Not only was the public inundated with information, but manufacturers, dealers, artisans, builders, and architects had to be sold on the programme, as well. The forests are mainly used for extracting reed - a material used both by traditional artisans and the paper-pulp industry. Rather, consistent throughout was a government intolerance for all measures which would shield artisans from competitive pressures. Central to this idea was the perception of a non-rational or redundant division of labour between industry and artisans. Many of the migrants were workers, mostly farmhands, but there were also quite a few artisans. Politically conservative, they stood up for small shopkeepers and artisans, distrusted advertising and preferred 'quality' to cheapness and darning to new clothes. As a result innkeepers raised their prices for artisans who depended on credit. A market-based system was replaced by one embedded in coercion of the intermediary merchants and the manufacturing artisans. They seem to have been under royal patronage and to have comprised industrial activities, craftsmen, and artisans, as well as merchants and traders. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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