| 词汇 | example_english_affix |
| 释义 | Examples of affixThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. He does not regard co-functional affixes as rival if they show complementary distribution due to distinct phonological limitations on their bases. In this paper, we argue that even with this considerable attention, one aspect of the progression of words to affixes has been insufficiently studied. In the examples we are aware of, erosion is limited to the word cliticizing or its affixes. Since syntactic items, and consequently postlexical clitics, are necessarily concatenative, items involving haplology phenomena cannot be postlexical clitics and must be affixes. To conclude, with respect to their morphological and attachment properties, personal enclitics behave rather clearly as affixes. The findings consistently revealed sensitivity to the location of identical consonants across various word positions and despite intermediate vowels and affixes. Currently, the rubber cylindrical feet are affixed to the legs. The typological rareness of ternarity may thus be due to morphological factors (restrictions on stem size or stacked affixes). The positional faithfulness approach accounts for accented dominant affixes by boosting the faithfulness properties of certain affixes. Another possibility would be to impose a high-ranked path-faithfulness constraint on affixes. The difference between them is that with [jbkktfo], the basic verb stem minus affixes begins with a heavy syllable. At the word level, stems and their affixes are bracketed together as a single unit. In general, longer affixes and endings are more specific than shorter ones. Does the child appreciate that a second label should not be affixed to the justlabelled object, even when no alternative novel object is available ? Ultimately, clitics might be more aptly described as inflectional affixes. Finally, none of the affixes is a lexical entry with its own meaning. At the same time, the previously existing set of locative oppositions has been lost (the corresponding affixes survived in other, newly developed, meanings). Since the number is also specified in the output of the lexical rule, plural inflectional affixes cannot be combined with stems licensed by (47). In particular, already inflected affixes and categories are raised depending on the strength of the morphological features of functional categories. The meter was calibrated by temporarily affixing it to the flat floor of the tunnel ahead of the wavy wall. However, the third-person singular subject inflection is the single phoneme \\\ and the allomorphs of some affixes are also single phonemes. Furthermore, there are verbal suffixes referring to aspectual meanings like frequentitive or momentary, but these affixes cannot occur with all verbs. The preference for stripped forms is evident from the paucity of overt inflectional affixes occurring in these early forms. Goggles were affixed to the feathers surrounding the eyes with contact cement. Interestingly, the wax seals were already affixed when the supplication was presented for signature. Indonesian children need to be able to read and understand affixes early, as many instructions in worksheets and exercise books are written in this form. Vials were affixed near the trap entrance and when used in combination with carbon dioxide, they were affixed adjacent to the carbon dioxide release point. Later (section 6n3) we argue that such elements are to be analysed as lexically attached pronominal affixes, rather than postlexical clitics. There is no apparent derivationalinflectional divide between affixes of different sizes (note the two causative morphemes differ in size: [ja-/-j-] and [nes-]). Correspondingly, we decided that the phases of stripping inflectional affixes - lemmatisation - and further morphological analysis have to be clearly separated. The final chapter is devoted to properties of the cluster of clitics and inflectional affixes grouped together in one syntactic position. The only difference is that, for affixes, the point(s) of attachment must be indicated. A hypothetical example of such a prediction is the occurrence of two [nasal] affixes, where one triggers spreading but the other does not. The second type of featural alignment, the phonological type, is supposed to be the engine that drives multiple association of featural affixes. When the other affixes are stripped away from these forms, we can identify vowel lowering with the function of marking present tense singular. My proposal is to prespecify clitics as prosodic affixes, associating their lexical entries with prosodic subcategorisation frames. An obvious alternative is to assume that object pronouns have clitic allomorphs, which are listed in the lexicon as prosodic affixes. In other words, in every system examined, a four-way contrast was found in affixes but only a two-way contrast in bases of affixation. The anti-faithfulness thesis is then applied to accentual processes in which affixes idiosyncratically cause deletion of accent in a neighbouring morpheme. The simplex stems listed in (4), toneless or endowed with tone, combine with the affixes in (5) to form morphologically complex entities. The distribution of the suffixation errors shows that regular inflectional affixes are overapplied to verbs that require irregular forms. To sum up this section, we find converging evidence that children store portions of the verb template, with individual affixes subsequently extracted through distributional analysis. On the other hand, it is also clear that -a was overgeneralized more frequently than the other affixes. A word was not scored as correctly repeated if inflections or affixes were missing. To be counted as a correct word repetition, the child had to repeat the entire word, including affixes. In spite of the number of possible affixes, the affixation structure is strictly ordered and highly transparent. Table 4 displays the distribution of the most frequent affixes in our data (frequency > 10). Note that the first step must identify compounds and derivational affixes, but not all morpheme structure. At the morpheme level, stems are divided from their (telephone) would have the segmentation affixes. Labels could be affixed to each sound, using graphic codes, colour, words, pictures or whatever else was felt to be meaningful. The remaining 10 items had unique plural affixes. Such affixes could be inferred directly from c-structure and would not involve any agreement marking. We then examine the same range of possibilities for affixes. Furthermore, the semantic information encoded in the affixes of the two languages is different in the two languages. Subjects recorded their co-operate/defect decisions, as well as their expectations, on forms affixed to clipboards. Below the test section a steel channel section beam, oriented perpendicularly to the flow direction, was affixed to the bed of a milling machine. Next, the affixes are represented as shareable chains of characters. The issue appears to be that single-character segments are common at the morpheme level because of affixes. In the end, the very act of affixing an inscription became a symbolic "taking possession" that did not even require military actions. She argues that these are indeed affixes, on functional as well as formal grounds, and develop through grammaticalization of noun incorporation patterns. The presence of ' arbitrary gaps ' can also distinguish between pronominal affixes and postlexical clitics. Many, if not most, grammatical markers occur as inflectional affixes or clitics on words or stems. Subjects became sensitive to the segmentation of verbs into stems and affixes and to euphony between nouns and modifiers. On the other hand, some of them are extremely specialized, for instance individual words, idioms, and regular affixes. A tag is affixed to the toe that extends from the sheet. A critical issue in mor phology is the productivity of affixes. Such mor phophonemic conditioning is a characteristic more expected of inflectional affixes than of clitics. A signature was official only when the imprint of the chop was affixed to it. Once affixed to membranes, the libraries were probed for di-, tri- and tetranucleotide repeats. Although perceptual salience may help children learning both languages segment verb stems and some affixes, there are no instances of children producing isolated affixes. Since there is little allowable variation in the ordering of these affixes, the chart represents a relatively rigid template. Could it have just as well been the case that some affixes had this requirement and others did not ? In the case of inflectional affixes, the set of phi-features is required through (morphological-)subcategorization by the lexical stem. However, for phrasal affixes the host can be defined as a word in a syntactic position. In this language, two reduplicative affixes can co-occur in various orders on a number of noun stems. In a simple case, if a verb has agreement affixes, the auxiliary often has the same agreement affixes. Second, the morphological process is limited to trapped inflection, as defined above, while erosion typically targets the clitic and its affixes. As affixes cannot stand alone, they must move to a host, or the host must move to them. Further investigation would be required to determine which - if any - other affixes are subject to apocope. The constraints which they impose on the case, number and gender of the selected nominal are associated with the individual affixes. There are certain advantages to the representation-and-constraint analysis of affixes like the agentive and the past tense. The discussion of cyclic stress gives a helpful typology of affixes with respect to stress assignment and is rich in data. See 4 for how these verbs behave with affixes attached. In a variety of languages, the behaviour of unaccented words is duplicated by the behaviour of words with dominant unaccented affixes. They made relatively little use of compounds in this task (6 percent) or any other derivational affixes (4 percent). Reliance on affixes emerges around age four, much as in languages where derivational affixes are preferred for constructing new nouns. English-speaking children make use of only a few affixes in their spontaneous innovations. Simplicity predicts that children will use zero-derivation and compounding before affixes. In summary, structured-based accounts of productivity have focussed primarily on the structural conditions for use of specific affixes on words already in the lexicon. The two diverge where languages offer few simple options: there children must wait to master some affixes, for example, before they can construct new words. The morpholexical rules responsible for introducing these affixes might be formulated as in. Another approach, still based on existing words, is to look at the distributions of affixes in a spoken corpus. At this time there were no bound pronominal affixes. How do the specifications of bases and affixes become established in the lexicon in the first place, and how do they change? When a voltage is applied to contacts affixed to the ends of a p-n junction, current flows. As a class, early system morphemes include determiners, plural affixes, as well as satellites in what are sometimes called phrasal verbs. In other varieties other affixes may be involved. The grammatical category of definiteness is realised by the articles, which, although they are not affixed to nouns, only occur in association with nouns. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。