| 词汇 | example_english_adjunct |
| 释义 | Examples of adjunctThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. On the other hand, low-level preprocessing leads to non-dependents appearing among the candidate complements and adjuncts, and constituting a major source of noise. The final (optional) element of the sequence gives the values of the syntactic functions, adjuncts and specifiers (in any order, distinguished by their role names). Most of these approaches distinguish complements from adjuncts as a first step in order to avoid the sparse data problem. Our method for distinguishing complements from adjuncts relies on heuristics that are based on local structural information. Any subsequent strategies used were considered adjuncts and will be discussed momentarily. Devices and adjuncts to selfmanagement for asthma sufferers. He simply claims that the examples provided contain predicative adjuncts. In other words, there are very few senior (professorial) positions but many lecturers, adjuncts, and part-timers. The emphasis lies on functional time-related and quantificational adjuncts, and their interaction with various auxiliaries and negation. Adverbial adjuncts have a wide range of positions, constrained by their selectional restrictions and the system of compositional rules. Generally, predicational adjuncts with clausal readings are preverbal, while functional and participant adjuncts can be either preverbal or postverbal. According to this account, discourse-level information may influence early parsing decisions, but only for adjuncts and modifiers that occur within a given thematic domain. Analyzing the alternation in (3) as an argument alternation would force us to treat the oblique phrases as arguments rather than as adjuncts. They show that only selected constituents are interpreted idiomatically; for unselected elements (such as adjuncts), only strictly compositional interpretations are available. While adjuncts are not used in characterizing the classes, it is possible they may contain highly distinguishing information correlated with semantic class. As adjuncts, these phrases have a predictable meaning. Possible meanings of free adjuncts include time, cause, manner, means, purpose, and result. The set of occurrences for each verb is then filtered by statistical measures that distinguish arguments from adjuncts. In the glossary entry for clause, however, adjuncts are inconsistently included among possible required elements (p. 894). Rather than treat them separately, it was decided that they should be coded as adjuncts. They may also be seen as the herding analogue to show-ring demonstrations to which they served as adjuncts. She distinguishes between predicational and sentential adjuncts, and within the predicational ones between obligatory and optional items. The principal difference is between arguments and adjuncts within a sentence. Both bare nominal and verbal gerunds can be used with for to form adjuncts of purpose, as in (33). They occupy the grey area in which to-infinitival adjuncts melt almost imperceptibly into to-infinitival complements. As a result of this, the interpretation of these adverbs as process adjuncts is possible only if they are considered in isolation. Financial and political pressure are the primers needed to give credibility to the development and use of alternatives and adjuncts to nonhuman animals. By 1900 many ' ritualist ' adjuncts to worship - candles lighted on the altar, the eastward position, mixed chalice, surpliced choir - were widely accepted in the parishes. Instead, it looks forward in search of its complements and adjuncts. On this adverbial cline, subjuncts fall between modifiers and adjuncts. Both of these case studies provide evidence of one of the prototypical syntactic trajectories for intensifiers, namely the development of adjuncts into adjective/adverb modifiers. They are, therefore, extremely cost effective when used as alternatives rather than as adjuncts. Specifically, the asymmetry related to target \\s\\-sequences versus other non-\\s\\-sequences, which have been characterized as adjuncts and true clusters respectively. In particular, quantifiers (including determiners, cardinal numbers and the definite article) are pre-head ; all the other adjuncts and complements are post-head. Particles like those in (10) and (38) have the form of adjuncts. The syntax of adjuncts is a thorough examination of the licensing and distribution of adverbial adjuncts. However, treating it as an argument alternation is unenlightening and counterintuitive, given that the oblique phrases in this alternation would normally be analyzed as adjuncts. In general, free adjuncts are interpreted as sharing the subject of the matrix clause. Such adjuncts are ordinarily in the accusative, but when they occur with infinitives, as in (53a-c), they can appear in the nominative instead. Specifiers have to be left-adjoined like left-adjoined adjuncts. Mayors, adjuncts, and municipal councillors were all appointed by the prefect in smaller communes. Unlike previous approaches, in this paper, as mentioned earlier, verb complements are distinguished from all the remaining sentence constituents and not just from adjuncts. Africans hardly featured in these narratives, if only as passive adjuncts to colonial policies. Since adjuncts are not h-selected by the predicate, sideward movement of adjuncts is ungrammatical. The fact that they do not project their own features would then follow automatically as a general property of adjuncts. At best, the theoretical responses will become adjuncts to the practical ones. Argument questions (who, what) circumvent barriers and allow movement more easily than adjuncts (how, when, where, why). Evidence from other languages suggests that these \\s\\jsonorant sequences may pattern as adjuncts as well. In this work we distinguish complements directly from all the remaining sentence terms, and adjuncts are not identified. Most of the time, this table is sufficient to distinguish complements from adjuncts. The method that is used to distinguish complements from adjuncts plays an important role in the localization of dependencies. More specifically, the tool identifies subjects and objects as well as pps without however distinguishing arguments from adjuncts. Propositional cases are those essential to a verb's meaning ; modal cases are optional adjuncts of any predication. A direct object is also syntactically required by a transitive verb for grammaticality, whereas adjuncts are not syntactically required sisters. Like syllables with complex onsets, syllables with adjuncts are considered marked relative to syllables with singleton segments within the onset. All \\s\\-sequences, on the other hand, are allowed to surface as adjuncts. Our new constraint ranking allows for both types of sequences - adjuncts and true clusters - to occur at this third point in time. Based on this and previous evidence, it is apparent that adjuncts and complex onsets are not in a markedness relationship with one another. With an eye toward enhanced combination treatments, light and ions are candidate adjuncts to drugs and psychotherapy. Because adjuncts are a semantic category, they serve to attribute a cer tain quality to the name elements that follow them. In purpose adjuncts, then, the definite article does not mark specificity and accessibility in the strictest possible sense. On the other hand, gerunds with in also occur as obligatory adjuncts or prepositional complements with a number of predicates. Furthermore, relevant distinctions are missed in the description, such as the distinction between complements and adjuncts. Many theories will decide not to use parts of this structure, for instance avoiding the use of specifiers or avoiding any distinction between adjuncts and arguments. Situation types are the composite result of the rule-based interaction between verb classes and complements, arguments, peripheral adjuncts and viewpoint aspect at the nucleus, core and clause levels. The scope of adjuncts and the processing of lexical rules. However other aspects of wh-movement are not completely controlled at 4 or 5 years, such as the status of the indirect question, and semantic distinctions among adjuncts themselves. On the other hand, the sample contains 48 occurrences like (17), which account for 47% of unrelated free adjuncts and 5.6% of the total number of free adjuncts. Moreover, empirical data suggest that adverbial adjuncts and preposed constituents are not merely adjoined to projections but that they are associated with their own functional head. The defining criteria for the sentential adjuncts are that they are syntactically optional (omissible) and that they have 'semantic scope over the whole proposition' (p. 50). Both are typically used as controlled adverbial adjuncts expressing a relation of non-co-occurrence between the state of affairs in the main clause and the situation expressed by the gerund. Fourth, the two-word complements or adjuncts for novel verbs were chosen to minimize the possibility that the subject would inflect the novel verb by analogy to an existing similar-sounding verb. Moreover, under bare phrase structure a head (that is the lexical item itself) will also be a maximal phrasal projection when it has no complements, specifier or adjuncts. Measures taken include time to complete, number of swallows to clear, volume per swallow and, as adjuncts, observations of cough on swallowing and perceived voicequality changes (see below). Moreover, the agreement in definiteness between a nominal and its adjuncts is stated in the lexical entry of the adjuncts, just like agreement on number and gender is. We did not attempt to distinguish arguments from adjuncts because we did not want to assume the children had mastered the distinction at 2 ; 4 years. To obtain subcategorization frames from these contexts we have to identify and eliminate adjuncts and errors resulting from parsing (since precision and recall were not of a 100%). Our representational scheme allows the identification of basic grammatical functions such as subjects, objects and adjuncts in the corpus, which can be used to train and test syntactic parsers. On the one hand, gerunds with in can be used as adverbial adjuncts expressing a relation of manner, means, or accompanying circumstance (and sometimes with a shade of purpose). Although there was considerable uniformity across groups in terms of main compliment-response strategy, once again there is some evidence of development across groups in the use of compliment-response adjuncts. Ernst shows that, unlike the feature-based theories, his system is able to predict the relatively free occurrence and ordering of these adjuncts with respect to auxiliaries and negation. Similar misattachment issues for adjuncts are encountered with adverbial phrases, but they were rare in our corpus and postprocessing is assumed to provide less improvement at higher costs. Note that intensifiers were coded as adjuncts. The corpus contains 43 instances of this kind, but they were not included in tables 2 + 5 above, since they could not be characterized as either free adjuncts or absolutes. The result of the parsing phase is a set of verb instances together with their syntactic dependents (arguments or adjuncts) for each sentence in the corpus. Consequently, just like adjuncts, parentheticals should be visible for certain syntactic operations in the host. In the entire data set, only two bare nominal gerunds with to function as purpose adjuncts, which is hardly enough to speak of replacement. The examples can be aligned with instances of subject extraction across adjuncts. In other words, the prepositional phrases functioned as adjuncts and were not required by the verb. A relevant example can be seen in the relative ordering of restrictive versus appositive adjuncts. Another useful criterion is semantic: complements are arguments of the head, adjuncts are not. The directionality principles further predict that adjuncts are uniformly preverbal in head-final languages. Linking the two alternants of verbs that exhibit a valence alternation, as spray does, thus runs into the same difficulty that lexically encoded adjuncts face. There are, however, free adjuncts that do not conform to the subjectidentity rule, as in-. Since they are adjuncts, they can impose their selectional restrictions on the head they combine with and can modify the meaning of their head. I therefore suggest treating particles like los and an as lexical adjuncts. Over the years, adverbs have been analysed as complements, specifiers, and adjuncts which can branch freely to the left and to the right. A period is used to indicate a prosodic boundary, where elements to the left of the period are considered adjuncts. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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