| 词汇 | example_english_actuator |
| 释义 | Examples of actuatorThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Since all links are assumed rigid, the compliance of the mechanism will be induced solely by the compliance of the actuators. One of the topics is the implementation of alternative actuators replacing the widely spread electrical drives, in order to make lightweight structures and compliant joints. Three actuators provide gross/fine opening and closing of the tips plus lateral motion. The performance index was the energy consumed by the actuators during the motion, evaluated from the dynamic model of the mechanism and actuators. However, the inertia of the axis hardware, including actuators, has a very significant influence on the performance of supporting axis. The mechanical energy of the actuators is considered for the formulation of the objective function. The latter may seem somewhat specialized, but is important because hydraulic actuators are critical components of robotic devices that enter hazardous environments. In this case, embedded intelligence is associated to several actuators and sensors. During the single support phase, the configuration of the biped is defined by five independent variables, but there are only four actuators. Interesting examples are given by under-actuated grippers or hands, which are defined as those with more d. o. f. s than actuators. In designing dynamic systems, actuators with enough torque capacity are selected to fully actuate the systems. However, enough capacity of actuators cannot be selected in most robot manipulators since the actuating motors of robot manipulators are serially placed on links. No brake is used so the negative work must be produced by the actuators. In this case, the number of configuration variables is greater than the number of actuators during single support or flight phases. The sensors and actuators used should be limited to those currently available on a modern loading machine. A parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy has more joint actuators than that are required to provide the desired moving platform motion. The cables connect the end-effector in parallel to the actuators mounted on a fixed base and control the end-effector by exerting tensions in the cables. Therefore, when all of them meet at a common point while all the actuators are locked, the end-effector cannot sustain the applied moments. Generally, the degrees of freedom of contact forces/ moments that can be controlled is limited by the number of joint actuators. Mathematical model of the actuators also comprises coupling between elasticity forces. Direct delivery of the velocities to the actuators causes a serious positioning error: the higher the acceleration, the more wheel slippage occurs due to friction. Additionally, by lengthening the prismatic actuators, the dexterous workspace of the redundant manipulator significantly increases while the non-redundant manipulator's dexterous workspace does not change. The main linear actuators of the pneumatic systems are cylinders. All the joints are powered by electric actuators. A variety of bending motions must be generated with only a finite number of actuators. Finally, 1 and 2 are the forces applied to links 1 and 2, respectively, by the linear actuators mounted in the prismatic pairs. 59 torques applied by the actuators to links 1 and 2 respectively (both the revolute pairs are actuated). The stroke of the actuators has been limited to 80% of the total length of the piston. Although this paper deals with manipulation, the sensors and actuators of the mobile robot are also integrated into the architecture. The term "possible" indicates that the restrictions imposed by the actuators and/or by the geometric shape of the platform links are verified. Finally, the forces on actuators in some typical motions for neck and shoulder are plotted. The kinematic and/or dynamic equations of a robot are often used to describe the relationship between a robot's end-effector and its actuators. Note that we cannot explicitly compute all possible equations of motion for an infinite array of actuators. Such constraints arise from no-slip contact between the insulating layer and the actuators. Thus, minimum mechanical energy of actuators and minimum total travelling time can be considered together in a multi-objective function. A level up are the controllers for simple actuators (for example a motor controller). The redundant actuators do not make any contribution to increase the resultant moment. Many parallel robots are equipped with hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. By doing so, legs will have two actuators and optimization criteria will be needed to determine relative contribution of the knee and ankle actuators. The biped is modeled as a five-link planar robot with four actuators located at hip and knee joints. The actuators are classified according to their energy sources: electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic. Less powerful and smaller actuators can be employed to move such a manipulator with a high mechanical advantage, kinematic accuracy, dexterity, and singularity avoidance capabilities. Only after minimizing this variation, or in other words maximizing the mechanical isotropy, can one choose suitable actuators and design a controller. The second section describes the mechanical design, actuators, sensory system, and the hierarchial control system. The operation of the actuators by an electric current gives the system the possibility of remote control. The server node electronic implementation includes a bus to connect the signal conditioning circuits for the sensors and actuators. Another possibility is to integrate it in a microcomputer associated to several low cost sensors and actuators. Magnetostrictive actuators are especially suited for the generation of high forces, but this effect is not covered here. Most robot sensors and actuators are not directly comparable to biological ones: they differ in basic capability, precision, range, response times, and so on. Control of the reflectors is by linear motors or equivalent lightweight electrically driven actuators. Parallel singularities: in such configurations, forces applied in certain directions on the end effector cannot be sustained by the actuators. However, as the solenoid actuators are slow in response to the bit string signals, programmed delay are amended to the actual robot control commands. Figure 9 shows the input and output line pressures for both boom and stick hydraulic actuators. A prediction of forces that will be encountered during digging is used to reject trajectories that exceed the limitations of the hydraulic actuators. Note that the center of two circles are expressed as functions of the inputs provided by the actuators fixed to the ground. Also, this section contains three icons for energizing the robot actuators, starting and finishing the control algorithm, and quitting the whole system. In this case, the energy consumption and the wear of the robot actuators are reduced. The controller thus connects to the physical sensors and actuators of the system. In particular, they are intensively used as sensors and actuators in various measuring equipments and in electronic clocks. The reasons for the success of these actuators are large magnetic forces, large and adjustable strokes, and a very robust and stable design. Thus, vertices can be found by setting two actuators to their extreme output capabilities. An overall comparison of the potential benefit of including redundancy, based on the power required by the actuators, is presented as follows. Four fixed actuators can directly control this kind of 4-dof hybrid mechanism in an uncoupled (or decoupled) manner. Not only must we know the limits on our efforts, but also we must know an appropriate way to handle redundancies in our actuators. Singularity analysis is performed by analyzing the two matrices relating the instantaneous velocities of the actuators and the end-effector. Under the skin are sensors that make it more sensitive than a human and 42 actuators that translate electrical signals into mechanical motion. The simplest components modeled by the architecture are the sensors and actuators, which are defined at the lowest architectural layer. The mechanical energy of the actuators has been considered for the formulation of the objective function. In detail, underwater sensors and actuators are characterized by poorer performances with respect to industrial applications in terms of bandwidth, noise and limit cycles. Thus, the validated formulation has been used in order to design the actuators for a new leg prototype. In general, the number of solutions can vary under the location of actuators. The reduction of the number of actuators is also a step towards simpler and cheaper robots. The control corrections are concurrently applied on the joint actuators by the corresponding controllers. Additionally, this may cause saturation of the thrusters and the actuators resulting in degradation in performance. The m n following columns correspond to the actuators velocities which can never be produced by a movement of the moving platform. The generalized forces (torques) are only due to the actuators in the inter-link joints. The dual stage system with the coarse and fine actuators is adopted to achieve sub-micron accuracy with a large working space. Usually, the number of degrees of freedom (dof) of a manipulator is the same as the number of actuators. During flight, two polynomial trajectories are generated to be tracked by the actuators at hip and knee, respectively. Although the robot is fully actuated during the stance phase, the torques exerted by the actuators are limited. However, for passive manipulators, the number of degrees of freedom is more than the number of actuators. According to walking performance tests, despite the smallpowered actuating motors, the proposed joint actuators could successfully drive the heavy robot along the specified trajectory. The hand is driven by 15 compact and lowmass flexible fluidic actuators integrated into the fingers of the hand. A new active pneumatic tool was developed by physically integrating two pneumatic actuators, which implements double cutting action - initial cut followed by fine cut. Considering the case where redundancy is formulated in the kinematic framework, rated actuators input (in terms of velocity and acceleration) have to be respected. Pneumatic actuators are often adopted in applications requiring high power-to-weight ratio, combined with low price and clean operation. The basis for the numerical simulation is a mathematical model that describes the dynamic behaviour of magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators. Numerical simulation is an important tool for designing and optimizing these sensors and actuators. The robot has actuators to per form the elementary actions. We want to design a fault detection system for the actuators. Also, extra actuators reduce the system's manipulation capabilities. Walking robot figures, joint actuators show a good performance with small tracking errors. Note that a perfect tracking by the controllers of the different joint actuators is assumed. First, it covers the actuators and electronics and gives mechanical protection. In the other half, the platform is moving downward and hence a smaller force is needed since friction is helping the actuators in overcoming gravity. As a consequence, we choose to study a planar biped with only four actuators: two on the haunch and two on the knees. The signal conditioner and power amplifier is wired to the sensors and actuators on the robots. To achieve sub-micron accuracy with a large working space, we are going to use the dual stage system with the coarse and fine actuators. There are several possible architectures for the locations of the coarse and fine actuators in the parallel mechanism. There are several possibilities for the location of the coarse and fine actuators in the parallel mechanism. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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