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Second, it uses price volatility as a measure of risk, rather than relying on supply variances and countryrisk indicators.
Countryrisk and risk of default are already captured by standard government bonds.
The low level of the external debt is obviously a factor that is assessed positively when measuring countryrisk.
Of particular import for this paper was the analysis which related import shares to countryrisk indicators to generate a risk matrix.
Amongst the reasons attributed to that outcome are high operating costs, non-performing loans, and countryrisk.
Many nations have restricted pension investments to local instruments, typically in government bonds ; this imparts major countryrisk to the pension plans.
The positive behaviour of productivity since the end of the 1980s and the process of industrialisation help to explain the lower perceived countryrisk on the part of international investors.
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